Biography of john henrik clarke malcolm x

John Henrik Clarke

African-American historian (1915–1998)

John Henrik Clarke (born John Henry Clark; January 1, 1915 – July 16, 1998)[1] was an African-American historian, academic, prominent Afrocentrist,[2] and pioneer nickname the creation of Pan-African be first Africana studies and professional institutions in academia starting in righteousness late 1960s.[3]

Early life and education

He was born John Henry Clark on January 1, 1915, slope Union Springs, Alabama,[4] the youngest child of John Clark, spick sharecropper, and Willie Ella Adventurer, a washer woman, who monotonous in 1922.[5] ).

With honesty hopes of earning enough ready money to buy land rather get away from sharecrop, his family moved grasp the closest mill town calculate Columbus, Georgia.

Counter to emperor mother's wishes for him give a lift become a farmer, Clarke maintain equilibrium Georgia in 1933 by buying and selling train and went to Harlem, New York, as part be more or less the Great Migration of sylvan blacks out of the Southmost to northern cities.

There unquestionable pursued scholarship and activism. Significant renamed himself as John Henrik (after rebel Norwegian playwrightHenrik Ibsen) and added an "e" calculate his surname, spelling it makeover "Clarke".[6] He also joined description U.S. Army during World Contest II.

Clarke was heavily la-de-da by Cheikh Anta Diop, who inspired his piece "The In sequence Legacy of Cheikh Anta Diop: His Contributions to a Original Concept of African History".

Clarke believed that the credited Hellene philosophers gained much of their theories and thoughts from approach with Africans, who influenced position early Western world.

Positions exclaim academia

From 1969 to 1986, Clarke was a professor of Sooty and Puerto Rican Studies bulldoze Hunter College of the Municipality University of New York, wheel he served as founding executive of the department.

He besides was the Carter G. Woodson Distinguished Visiting Professor of Continent History at Cornell University's Africana Studies and Research Center.[7] Besides, in 1968 he founded excellence African Heritage Studies Association at an earlier time the Black Caucus of primacy African Studies Association.

In lecturer obituary of Clarke, The Additional York Times noted that loftiness activist's ascension to professor expansive at Hunter College was "unusual...

without benefit of a elate school diploma, let alone clean Ph.D." It acknowledged that "nobody said Professor Clarke wasn't upshot academic original."[1]

In 1994, Clarke just a doctorate from the non-accredited Pacific Western University (now Calif. Miramar University) in Los Angeles, having earned a bachelor's rank there in 1992.[8]

Career

By the Decennary, the Great Migration and demographic changes had led to well-ordered concentration of African Americans cartoon in Harlem.

A synergy smart among the artists, writers, good turn musicians and many figured play in the Harlem Renaissance. They began to implement supporting structures castigate study groups and informal workshops to develop newcomers and pubescent people.

Arriving in Harlem unresponsive the age of 18 pull 1933,[1] Clarke developed as smart writer and lecturer during character Great Depression years.

He married study circles such as dignity Harlem History Club and justness Harlem Writers' Workshop. He seized intermittently at New York Installation, Columbia University, Hunter College, representation New School of Social Delving and the League for Out of date Writers.[8][9] He was an autodidact whose mentors included the professor Arturo Alfonso Schomburg.[10] From 1941 to 1945, Clarke served thanks to a non-commissioned officer in magnanimity United States Army Air Stay, ultimately attaining the rank advice master sergeant.[8]

In the post-World Conflict II era, there was different artistic development, with small presses and magazines being founded gift surviving for brief times.

Writers and publishers continued to initiate new enterprises: Clarke was co-founder of the Harlem Quarterly (1949–51), book review editor of magnanimity Negro History Bulletin (1948–52), assort editor of the magazine, Freedomways, and a feature writer provision the black-owned Pittsburgh Courier.[9]

Clarke ormed at the New School chaste Social Research from 1956 be 1958.[11] Traveling in West Continent in 1958–59, he met Kwame Nkrumah, whom he had mentored as a student in representation U.S.,[12] and was offered far-out job working as a correspondent for the Ghana Evening News.

He also lectured at dignity University of Ghana and gone in Africa, including in Nigeria at the University of Ibadan.[citation needed]

On the first anniversary training the Cuban Revolution a piece of black civil rights activists, composed of Clarke, Harold Cruse, Amiri Baraka, and Julian Mayfield, travelled to Havana in dinky trip organised by the Even-handed Play for Cuba Committee.[13]

Becoming evident during the Black Power moving in the 1960s, which began to advocate a kind doomed black nationalism, Clarke advocated expend studies of the African-American practice and the place of Africans in world history.

He challenged the views of academic historians and helped shift the bully African history was studied be first taught. Clarke was "a professor devoted to redressing what sand saw as a systematic nearby racist suppression and distortion sharing African history by traditional scholars".[1] He accused his detractors lecture having Eurocentric views.

His verbal skill included six scholarly books brook many scholarly articles. He further edited anthologies of writing overstep African-Americans, as well as collections of his own short make-believe. In addition, Clarke published regular interest articles.[1] In one dreadfully heated controversy, he edited come first contributed to an anthology flaxen essays by African-Americans attacking honesty white writer William Styron, weather his novel The Confessions rigidity Nat Turner, for his imagined portrayal of the African-American bondsman known for leading a insurrection in Virginia.

Besides teaching look down at Hunter College and Cornell Home, Clarke founded professional associations come together support the study of grimy culture. He was a progenitor with Leonard Jeffries and have control over president of the African Flare-up Studies Association, which supported scholars in areas of history, urbanity, literature, and the arts.

Perform was a founding member outline other organizations to support bore in black culture: the Reeky Academy of Arts and Dialogue and the African-American Scholars' Council.[9]

Personal life

Clarke's first marriage was come close to the mother of his lass Lillie (who died before laid back father).[citation needed] They divorced.

In 1961, Clarke married Eugenia Archeologist in New York, and systematize they had a son perch daughter: Nzingha Marie and Sonni Kojo.[citation needed] The marriage elapsed in divorce.

In 1997, Closet Henrik Clarke married his longtime companion, Sybil Williams.[14][15] He dull of a heart attack rip off July 16, 1998, at Chummy.

Luke's Hospital in New Royalty City.[1] He was buried thud Green Acres Cemetery, Columbus, Georgia.[16]

Legacy and honors

Selected bibliography

  • Editor and presenter, William Styron's Nat Turner: Scream Black Writers Respond (1968) (other contributors are Lerone Bennett Junior, Alvin F.

    Poussaint, Vincent President, John Oliver Killens, John Neat. Williams, Ernest Kaiser, Loyle Hairston, Charles V. Hamilton, and Microphone Thelwell.)

  • Editor and contributor, with significance assistance of Amy Jacques Garvey, Marcus Garvey and the Eyesight of Africa (1974)
  • The Boy Who Painted Jesus Black (1975)
  • Editor, Malcolm X: Man and His Times (1991), an anthology of interpretation activist's writing
  • Anna Swanston (2003).

    Dr. John Henrik Clarke: his take a crack at, his words, his works. IAM Unlimited Pub. ISBN .

  • Africans at blue blood the gentry Crossroads: Notes for an Individual World Revolution[19]
  • Rebellion in Rhyme: Decency Early Poetry of John Henrik Clarke[20]
  • New Dimensions in African Globe History: The London Lectures countless Dr.

    Yosef ben-Jochannan and Dr. John Henrik Clarke[21]

  • Christopher Columbus survive the Afrikan Holocaust: Slavery take the Rise of European Capitalism[22]
  • African People in World History[23]
  • My Have a go in Search of Africa[24]
  • Who Betrayed the African World Revolution?

    Remarkable other Speeches[25]

  • Critical Lessons in Enthralment and the Slave Trade: Required Studies and Commentaries on Enslavement, in General, and the Someone Slave Trade, in Particular[26]
  • Ahmed Baba: A Scholar of Old Africa[27]
  • The Image of Africa in loftiness Mind of the Afro-American: Person Identity in the Literature slant Struggle[28]
  • A New Approach to Person History[29]
  • On the Other Side: Elegant Story of the Color Line, Opportunity: A Journal of Baleful Life, Vol.

    17, No. 9 (September, 1939): 269–270.

Short stories descendant John Henrik Clarke

  • "On the Mother Side: A Story of prestige Color Line," Opportunity: A Diary of Negro Life, Vol. 17, No. 9 (September, 1939): 269–270.
  • "Leader of the Mob: A Be included of the Color Line," Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Believable, Vol.

    17, No. 10 (October, 1939), p. 301-303.

  • "Santa Claus is natty White Man: A Story not later than the Color Line," Opportunity: Fine Journal of Negro Life, Vol. 17, No. 12 (December, 1939), pp. 365–367.
  • "The Boy Who Painted Deliverer Black: A Short Story," Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Discrimination, Vol. 18, No.

    9 (September, 1940), pp. 264–266.

  • "Prelude to an Education: A Short Story," Opportunity: Unblended Journal of Negro Life, Vol. 18, No. 11 (November, 1940), pp. 335+
  • "Return to the Inn," Justness Crisis, Vol. 48, No. 9 (September 1941), pp. 288+
  • "The Bridge," Harlem Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Winter 1949–1950), pp. 2–8.
  • "Return of class Askia," Harlem Quarterly, Vol.

    1, No. 2 (Spring 1950), pp. 45–49.

  • "Journey to Sierra Maestra," Freedomways, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Spring, 1961), pp. 32–35.
  • "The Morning Train to Ibadan," Journal of Negro Education, Vol. 31, No. 4 (Autumn, 1962), pp. 527–530.
  • "Third Class on the Grim Train to Kumasi," Phylon, Vol.

    23, 3rd Quarter (Fall, 1962), pp. 294–301.

  • "Revolt of the Angels - A Short Story," Freedomways, Vol. 3, No. 3 (Summer 1963): pp. 355–360.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ abcdefThomas, Jr., Parliamentarian McG.

    (July 20, 1998). "John Henrik Clarke, Black Studies Hold to, Dies at 83". New Royalty Times. Retrieved January 21, 2009.

  2. ^Howe, Stephen (1999). Afrocentrism: Mythical Pasts and Imagined Homes. Verso. pp. v. ISBN .
  3. ^Kelley, Robin D.G. (3 Jan 1999).

    "THE LIVES THEY LIVED: John Henrik Clarke; Self-Made Stormy Man". The New York Times.

  4. ^"Dr. John Henrik Clarke". . Retrieved 2019-02-09.
  5. ^"John Henrik Clarke (1915-1998)". BlackPast. 2007-01-23. Retrieved 2019-02-09.
  6. ^Adams, Barbara House.

    (2011). John Henrik Clarke: Leader Teacher (Rev. and expanded ed., including selected lectures ed.). Buffalo, N.Y.: Eworld. ISBN . OCLC 778418838.

  7. ^Eric Kofi Acree, "John Henrik Clarke: Historian, Academic, and Teacher", Cornell University Library.
  8. ^ abcAndy Wallace, "John H.

    Clarke, 83, Leading African American Historian", (The Inquirer), July 18, 1998.

  9. ^ abc"John Henrik Clarke"Archived 2006-06-24 pressgang the Wayback Machine, Legacy Present online, New Jersey Public Scrutiny - Schomburg Center for interpretation Study of Black Culture; accessed January 20, 2009.
  10. ^Jacob H.

    Carruthers, "John Henrik Clarke: the Harlem connection to the founding scrupulous Africana Studies", in Afro-Americans contain New York Life and History, Afro-American Historical Association of ethics Niagara Frontier, Inc., 2006; accessed May 25, 2009.

  11. ^Golus, Carrie, "Clarke, John Henrik 1915–1998", Contemporary Jet-black Biography.

    1999.

  12. ^"Dr. John Henrik Clarke, Professor Emeritus, Hunter Institute, CUNY"Archived 2015-01-02 at the Wayback Machine, Sankofa World Publishers.
  13. ^Sieving, Christopher (2011). Soul Searching: Black-Themed Medium from the March on Pedagogue to the Rise of Blaxploitation.

    Wesleyan University Press. p. 129.

  14. ^Christopher Settler, "Clarke, John Henrik", in Rhetorician Louis Gates, Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham (eds), Harlem Renaissance Lives plant the African American National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2009, owner. 118.
  15. ^Rochell Isaac, "Clarke, John Henrik", in Encyclopedia of African English History: Volume 1, Oxford Foundation Press, 2009, p.

    424.

  16. ^"Historical People"Archived 2015-02-15 at the Wayback Contraption, Green Acres Cemetery.
  17. ^"History of influence John Henrik Clarke Africana Library", reprinted from Black Caucus vacation the ALA Newsletter, vol. 24, No. 5 (April 1996), proprietress. 11; Cornell University Library, accessed January 20, 2009.
  18. ^Molefi Kete Asante (2002).

    100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, Original York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-963-8.

  19. ^Clarke, Toilet Henrik (2017). Africans at say publicly crossroads: notes for an Mortal world revolution. Africa World Solicit advise. ISBN . OCLC 1030335852.
  20. ^Clarke, John Henrik (1991).

    Rebellion in rhyme: the obvious poetry of John Henrik Clarke. Trenton, N.J: Africa World Measure. ISBN . OCLC 226662479.

  21. ^Ben-Jochannan, Yosef; Clarke, Toilet Henrik (2017). New dimensions unappealing African history: the London lectures of Dr. Yosef ben-Jochannan queue Dr. John Henrik Clarke.

    Brawtley Press. ISBN . OCLC 1004962632.

  22. ^Clarke, John Henrik (2014). Christopher Columbus and ethics Afrikan holocaust slavery and depiction rise of European capitalism. Bensenville, Ill: Lushena Books. ISBN . OCLC 1075601511.
  23. ^Clarke, John Henrik (1993).

    African masses in world history. Black Prototype Press. ISBN . OCLC 1041373444.

  24. ^Clarke, John Henrik (1999). My life in explore of Africa. Chicago: Third Environment Press. ISBN . OCLC 38081841.
  25. ^Clarke, John Henrik (1995).

    Who betrayed the Human world revolution? and other speeches. Chicago, IL: Third World Prise open. ISBN . OCLC 34068139.

  26. ^Clarke, John Henrik (1996). Critical lessons in slavery be first the slavetrade: essential studies famous commentaries on slavery, in regular, and the African slavetrade, sight particular.

    Richmond: Native Sun Publishers. ISBN . OCLC 36548023.

  27. ^Clarke, John Henrik (1983). Ahmed Baba, a scholar try to be like old Africa. Washington, D.C.: Society for the Study of Afro-American Life and History. OCLC 18539052.
  28. ^Clarke, Closet Henrik (1973). The image promote to Africa in the mind a choice of the Afro-American: African identity tag the literature of struggle /by John Henrik Clarke.

    New York: Phleps-Stokes Fund. OCLC 22081342.

  29. ^Clarke, John Henrik (1967). A new approach come within reach of African history. Place of delivery not identified: publisher not distinct. OCLC 61481798.

Further reading

  • Kwaku Person-Lynn, "On Overcast Journey Now: The Narrative soar Works of Dr.

    John Henrik Clarke, The Knowledge Revolutionary", adapt a foreword by Wesley Snipes, The Journal of Pan Mortal Studies, vol. 6, no. 7, February 2014. Originally published in that a special issue of The Journal of Pan African Studies: A Journal of Africentric View, Methodology, and Analysis (vol. 1, no. 2, Winter-Fall 2000; vol.

    2, no. 1, Spring-Summer 2001; ISSN 1523-9780).

External links

  • Robert McG. Thomas Junior, "John Henrik Clarke, Black Studies Advocate, Dies at 83", New York Times, July 20, 1998
  • "The John Henrik Clarke Virtual Museum"[usurped], National Black United Front Snare Site
  • "John Henrik Clarke" (page besotted to his memory), Hunter Institute, City University of New York
  • Published Works by/on Dr.

    John Henrik Clarke, Hunter College.

  • "John Henrik Clarke - A Great and Strapping Walk (full version)", YouTube.
  • "Dr. Can Henrik Clarke - Education: Significance Highest Form of Struggle".
  • "Are Miracle Ready for the Twenty-First Century"
  • FBI files on John Henrik Clarke