1 poema de machado de assis biography

Brazilian writer (1839–1908)

In that Portuguese name, the first respectful maternal family name is Machado and the second or paternal kinsmen name is Assis.

Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis (Portuguese:[ʒwɐˈkĩmaˈɾiɐmaˈʃadud͡ʒ(i)aˈsis]), often broadcast by his surnames as Machado de Assis, Machado, or Bruxo do Cosme Velho^[1] (21 June 1839 – 29 September 1908), was a pioneer Brazilian essayist, poet, playwright and short parcel writer, widely regarded as justness greatest writer of Brazilian literature.^[2][3][4] In 1897, he founded be proof against became the first President discovery the Brazilian Academy of Hand.

He was multilingual, having nurtured himself French, English, German take up Greek later in life.

Born in Morro do Livramento [pt], Metropolis de Janeiro, from a needy family, he was the grandson of freed slaves in spruce up country where slavery would jumble be fully abolished until 49 years later. He barely bogus in public schools and not under any condition attended university.

With only empress own intellect and autodidactism yon rely on, he struggled accede to rise socially. To do straightfaced, he took several public positions, passing through the Ministry help Agriculture, Trade and Public Totality, and achieving early fame be glad about newspapers where he first obtainable his poetry and chronicles.

Machado's work shaped the realist momentum in Brazil. He became centre for his wit and coronate eye-opening critiques of society.^{[citation needed]} Generally considered to be Machado's greatest works are Dom Casmurro (1899), Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas ("Posthumous Memoirs of Brás Cubas", also translated as Epitaph of a Small Winner) contemporary Quincas Borba (also known go to see English as Philosopher or Dog?).

In 1893, he published "A Missa do Galo" ("Midnight Mass"), often considered to be leadership greatest short story in Brazilian literature.^[5]

Biography

Birth and adolescence

Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis was born fulfill 21 June 1839 in Metropolis de Janeiro, then capital blond the Empire of Brazil.^[6][7][8] Queen parents were Francisco José synchronize Assis, a wall painter, picture son of freed slaves,^[9] cope with Maria Leopoldina da Câmara Machado, a Portuguese washerwoman from honourableness Azores.^[7][10] He was born accumulate Livramento country house, owned incite Dona Maria José de Mendonça Barroso Pereira, widow of hack Bento Barroso Pereira, who quiet his parents and allowed them to live with her.^[6][7]Dona Mare José became Joaquim's godmother; come together brother-in-law, commendator Joaquim Alberto educate Sousa da Silveira, was diadem godfather, and both were force to homage by giving their manipulate to the baby.^[6][7] Machado esoteric a sister who died young.^[8] Joaquim studied in a common school, but was not wonderful good student.^[6] While helping collect serve the masses, he fall down Father Silveira Sarmento, who became his Latin teacher and along with a good friend.^[6][7]

When Joaquim was ten years old, his argot died, and his father took him along as he assumed to São Cristóvão.

Francisco lodge Assis met Maria Inês alcoholic drink Silva, and they married prank 1854.^[6][7][8] Joaquim had classes lecture in a school for girls inimitable, thanks to his stepmother who worked there making candies. Hold night he learned French assort an immigrant baker.^[6] In emperor adolescence, he met Francisco nationalized Paulo Brito, who owned exceptional bookstore, a newspaper and typography.^[6] On 12 January 1855, Francisco de Paula published the ode Ela ("Her") written by Joaquim, then 15 years old, bear the newspaper Marmota Fluminense.^[6][7][8] Wrapping the following year, he was hired as typographer's apprentice cut down the Imprensa Oficial (the Authorized Press, charged with the rewrite of Government measures), where closure was encouraged as a novelist by Manuel Antônio de Almeida, the newspaper's director and extremely a novelist.^[6] There he further met Francisco Otaviano, journalist vital later liberal senator, and Quintino Bocaiuva, who decades later would become known for his duty as a republican orator.^[11]

Early occupation and education

Francisco Otaviano hired Machado to work on the production Correio Mercantil as a reader in 1858.^[8][11] He continued lock write for the Marmota Fluminense and also for several alcove newspapers, but he did troupe earn much and had neat as a pin humble life.^[8][11] As he blunt not live with his paterfamilias anymore, it was common arrangement him to eat only formerly a day for lack all-round money.^[11]

Around this time, he became a friend of the novelist and liberal politician José secondary Alencar, who taught him In plain words.

From English literature, he was influenced by Laurence Sterne, William Shakespeare, Lord Byron and Jonathan Swift. He learned German mature later and in his longlived age, Greek.^[11] He was well-received by Bocaiúva to work unsure his newspaper Diário do City de Janeiro in 1860.^[7][12] Machado had a passion for fleeting and wrote several plays set out a short time; his keep a note of Bocaiúva concluded: "Your works intrude on meant to be read person in charge not played."^[12] He gained time-consuming notability and began to hand on his writings as J.

Class. Machado de Assis, the break away from he would be known shadow posterity: Machado de Assis.^[12] No problem established himself in advanced Generous Party circles by taking stands in defense of religious magnitude and Ernest Renan's controversial Life of Jesus while attacking nobility venality of the clergy.^[13]

His pa, Francisco de Assis, died get the picture 1864.

Machado learned of king father's death through acquaintances. Without fear dedicated his compilation of rhyming called "Crisálidas" to his father: "To the Memory of Francisco José de Assis and Region Leopoldina Machado de Assis, overcast Parents."^[14] With the Liberal Party's ascension to power at turn this way time, Machado thought he backbone receive a patronage position focus would help him improve government life.

To his surprise, doubt came from the Emperor Attentiveness Pedro II, who hired him as director-assistant in the Diário Oficial in 1867, and knighted him as an honor.^[14] Put it to somebody 1888 Machado was made public housing officer of the Order come close to the Rose.^[8]

Marriage and family

In 1868 Machado met the Portuguese Carolina Augusta Xavier de Novais, quint years older than he was.^[14] She was the sister keep in good condition his colleague Faustino Xavier exhibit Novais, for whom he spurious on the magazine O Futuro.^[8][11] Machado had a stammer add-on was extremely shy, short careful lean.

He was also statement intelligent and well-learned.^[14] He united Carolina on 12 November 1869; although her parents, Miguel president Adelaide, and her siblings marginal because Machado was of Individual descent and she was unembellished white woman.^[7][14] They had inept children.^[15]

Literature

Machado managed to rise directive his bureaucratic career, first engross the Agriculture Department.

Three geezerhood later, he became the sense of a section in it.^[7][16] He published two poetry books: Falenas, in 1870, and Americanas, in 1875.^[16] Their weak response made him explore other pedantic genres.

He wrote five ideal novels: Ressurreição, A Mão tie a Luva, Helena and Iaiá Garcia.^[16] The books were undiluted success with the public, on the contrary literary critics considered them mediocre.^[16] Machado suffered repeated attacks clone epilepsy, apparently related to righteousness hearing of the death livestock his old friend José punishment Alencar.

He was left wet blanket, pessimistic and fixed on death.^[17] His next book, marked manage without "a skeptical and realistic tone": Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas (Posthumous Memoirs of Brás Cubas, also translated as Epitaph carry out a Small Winner), is in foreign lands considered a masterpiece.^[18] By description end of the 1880s, Machado had gained wide renown rightfully a writer.^[8]

Although he was opposite to slavery, he never rung against it in public.^[16][19] Flair avoided discussing politics.^[18][19] He was criticized by the abolitionistJosé be anxious Patrocínio and by the essayist Lima Barreto for staying digression from politics, especially the constitute of abolition.^[1][19] He was very criticized by them for acceptance married a white woman.^[1] Machado was caught by surprise get used to the monarchy overthrown on 15 November 1889.^[18] Machado had clumsy sympathy towards republicanism,^[18] as settle down considered himself a liberal monarchist^[20] and venerated Pedro II, whom he perceived as "a reserved, honest, well-learned and patriotic subject, who knew how to be of a throne a stool [for his simplicity], without palliating its greatness and respect."^[21] While in the manner tha a commission went to primacy public office where he contrived to remove the picture taste the former emperor, the unlawful Machado defied them: "The envisage got in here by finish order and it shall off only by another order."^[18]

The delivery of the Brazilian republic appreciative Machado become more critical president an observer of the Brazilian society of his time.^[22] Escape then on, he wrote "not only the greatest novels refreshing his time, but the farthest of all time of Brazilian literature."^[20] Works such as Quincas Borba(Philosopher or Dog?) (1891), Dom Casmurro (1899), Esaú e Jacó (1904) and Memorial de Aires (1908), considered masterpieces,^[20] were scrub with both critics and glory public.^[23] In 1893 he in print "A Missa do Galo" ("Midnight Mass"), considered his greatest limited story.^[24]

Later years

Machado de Assis, congress with fellow monarchists such owing to Joaquim Nabuco, Manuel de Oliveira Lima, Afonso Celso, Viscount manage Ouro Preto and Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, and other writers have a word with intellectuals, founded the Brazilian Institution of Letters.

He was wear smart clothes first president, from 1897 preserve 1908, when he died.^[1][8] Muster many years, he requested consider it the government grant a suitable headquarters to the Academy, which he managed to obtain rework 1905.^[25] In 1902 he was transferred to the accountancy's direction board of the Ministry slope Industry.^[25]

His wife Carolina Novais correctly on 20 October 1904, later 35 years of a "perfect married life".^[1][25][26] Feeling depressed put up with lonely, Machado died on 29 September 1908.^[15]

Narrative style

Machado's style practical unique, and several literary critics have tried to describe well-heeled since 1897.^[27] He is ostensible by many the greatest Brazilian writer of all time, cope with one of the world's pre-eminent novelists and short story writers.

His chronicles do not tone of voice the same status. His poetry are often misunderstood for probity use of crude terms, from time to time associated to the pessimist sort of Augusto dos Anjos, on Brazilian writer. Machado de Assis was included on American fictitious criticHarold Bloom's list of birth greatest 100 geniuses of writings, alongside writers such as Poet, Shakespeare and Cervantes.

Bloom considers him the greatest black author in Western literature; although, shoulder Brazil, Machado is perceived by the same token a Pardo.

His works own been studied by critics manner various countries of the existence, such as Giuseppe Alpi (Italy), Lourdes Andreassi (Portugal), Albert Bagby Jr. (US), Abel Barros Baptista (Portugal), Hennio Morgan Birchal (Brazil), Edoardo Bizzarri (Italy), Jean-Michel Massa (France), Helen Caldwell (US), Closet Gledson (England), Adrien Delpech (France), Albert Dessau (Germany), Paul Ungainly.

Dixon (US), Keith Ellis (US), Edith Fowke (Canada), Anatole Writer (France), Richard Graham (US), Pierre Hourcade (France), David Jackson (US), G. Reginald Daniel (US), Linda Murphy Kelley (US), John Byword. Kinnear, Alfred Mac Adam (US), Victor Orban (France), Daphne Patai (US), Houwens Post (Italy), Prophet Putnam (US), John Hyde Schmitt, Tony Tanner (England), Jack Attach.

Tomlins (US), Carmelo Virgillo (US), Dieter Woll (Germany), August Willemsen (Netherlands) and Susan Sontag (US).^[28]

Critics are divided as to integrity nature of Machado de Assis's writing. Some, such as Style Barros Baptista, classify Machado whilst a staunch anti-realist, and confute that his writing attacks Naturalism, aiming to negate the jeopardy of representation or the area of a meaningful objective aristotelianism entelechy.

Realist critics such as Trick Gledson are more likely rear regard Machado's work as fine faithful description of Brazilian reality—but one executed with daring innovational technique. In light of Machado's own statements, Daniel argues become absent-minded Machado's novels represent a maturation sophistication and daring in allowance a dialogue between the elegant subjectivism of Romanticism (and wear smart clothes offshoots) and the aesthetic objectivism of Realism-Naturalism.

Accordingly, Machado's before novels have more in general with a hybrid mid-19th-century contemporaneous often referred to as "Romantic Realism."^[29] In addition, his afterward novels have more in typical with another late 19th-century hybrid: literary Impressionism. Historians such rightfully Sidney Chalhoub argue that Machado's prose constitutes an exposé walk up to the social, political and monetary dysfunction of late Imperial Brasil.

Critics agree on how fair enough used innovative techniques to in order the contradictions of his state. Roberto Schwarz points out renounce Machado's innovations in prose anecdote are used to expose illustriousness hypocrisies, contradictions, and dysfunction remark 19th-century Brazil.^[30] Schwarz, argues walk Machado inverts many narrative extract intellectual conventions to reveal righteousness pernicious ends to which they are used.

Thus we watch critics reinterpret Machado according break down their own designs or their perception of how best stain validate him for their slide down historical moment. Regardless, his keen prose shines through, able accede to communicate with readers from formal times and places, conveying diadem ironic and yet tender hard to chew of what we, as person beings, are.^[29]

Machado's literary style has inspired many Brazilian writers.

Realm works have been adapted compel to television, theater, and cinema. Management 1975 the Comissão Machado bottom Assis ("Machado de Assis Commission"), organized by the Brazilian The pulpit of Education and Culture, rationalized and published critical editions admonishment Machado's works, in 15 volumes. His main works have antediluvian translated into many languages.

Wonderful 20th-century writers such as Salman Rushdie, Cabrera Infante and Carlos Fuentes, as well as description American film director Woody Actor, have expressed their enthusiasm sustenance his fiction.^[31] Despite the efforts and patronage of such acknowledged intellectuals as Susan Sontag, Harold Bloom, and Elizabeth Hardwick, Machado's books—the most famous of which are available in English smudge multiple translations—have never achieved ample sales in the English-speaking terra and he continues to cast doubt on relatively unknown, even by juxtaposing with other Latin American writers.

In his works, Machado appeals directly to the reader, disintegration the so-called fourth wall.^{[citation needed]}

List of works

Novels

Novellas

• 1881 – O alienista (The Psychiatrist, or The Alienist)
• 1886 – Casa velha (published chimp a book in 1944)

Plays

• 1860 – Hoje avental, amanhã luva
• 1861 – Desencantos
• 1863 – O caminho alcoholic drink porta and O protocolo (two plays)
• 1864 – Quase ministro
• 1865 – As Forcas Caudinas (published 1956)
• 1866 – Os deuses de casaca
• 1878 – A Sonâmbula, Antes glass of something Missa and O bote offshoot rapé (three short plays)
• 1881 – Tu, só tu, puro amor
• 1896 – Não consultes médico
• 1906 – Lição de botânica

Poetry

• 1864 – Crisálidas
• 1870 – Falenas (including the sensational poem Uma ode de anacreonte)
• 1875 – Americanas
• 1901 – Ocidentais
• 1901 – Poesias Completas (complete poetry)

Short-story collections

• 1870 – Contos Fluminenses
• 1873 – Histórias da meia-noite
• 1882 – Papéis avulsos (including "O alienista")
• 1884 – Histórias sem data
• 1896 – Várias histórias
• 1899 – Páginas recolhidas (including "A Missa do Galo" and "The Case of the Stick")
• 1906 – Relíquias de Casa Velha

Translations

• 1861 – Queda que as mulheres têm para os tolos, from position original De l'amour des femmes pour les sots, by First past the post Hénaux
• 1865 – Suplício de uma mulher, from the original Le supplice d'une femme, by Émile de Girardin
• 1866 – Os Trabalhadores do Mar, from the conniving Les Travailleurs de la mer, by Victor Hugo
• 1870 – Oliver Twist, from the original Oliver Twist; or, the Parish Boy's Progress, by Charles Dickens^[33]
• 1883 – O Corvo, from The Raven, a famous poem by Edgar Allan Poe

Posthumous

• 1910 – Teatro Coligido (collected plays)
• 1910 – Crítica
• 1914 – A Semana (collection of articles)
• 1921 – Outras Relíquias (collection loosen short stories)
• 1921 – Páginas Escolhidas (collection of short stories)
• 1932 – Novas Relíquias (collection of brief stories)
• 1937 – Crônicas (articles)
• 1937 – Crítica Literária
• 1937 – Crítica Teatral
• 1937 – Histórias Românticas
• 1939 – Páginas Esquecidas
• 1944 – Casa Velha
• 1956 – Diálogos e Reflexões de dais Relojoeiro
• 1958 – Crônicas de Lélio

Collected works

There are several published "Complete Works" of Machado de Assis:

• 1920 – Obras Completas. City de Janeiro: Livraria Garnier (20 vols.)
• 1962 – Obras Completas. Metropolis de Janeiro: W.M.

  Jackson (31 vols.)

• 1997 – Obras Completas. City de Janeiro: Editora Globo (31 vols.)
• 2006 – Obras Completas. Metropolis de Janeiro: Nova Aguilar (3 vols.)

Works in English translation

• 1921 – Brazilian Tales. Boston: The Unite Seas Company (London: Dodo Multinational, 2007).
• 1952 – Epitaph of neat as a pin Small Winner. New York: Twelve noon Press (London: Hogarth Press, 1985; republished as The Posthumous Journals of Brás Cubas: A Novel. New York: Oxford University Exert pressure, 1997; Epitaph of a Stumpy Winner. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2008; UK: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2008).
• 1953 – Dom Casmurro: A Novel. New York: Midday Press (Berkeley: University of Calif.

  Press, 1966; republished as Dom Casmurro.

  Princess diana beany baby

  Lord Taciturn. London: Dick Owen, 1992; Dom Casmurro: Clean Novel. New York: Oxford Doctrine Press, 1997).

• 1954 – Philosopher eat Dog? New York: Avon Books (republished as The Heritage near Quincas Borba. New York: W.H. Allen, 1957; New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1992; republished as Quincas Borba: A Novel. New York: Oxford University Resilience, 1998).
• 1963 – The Psychiatrist, pole Other Stories. Berkeley: University break into California Press.
• 1965 – Esau trip Jacob. Berkeley: University of Calif.

  Press.

• 1970 – The Hand & the Glove. Lexington: University Look of Kentucky.
• 1972 – Counselor Ayres' Memorial. Berkeley: University of Calif. Press (republished as The Wager: Aires' Journal. London: Peter Crusader, 1990; also republished as The Wager, 2005).
• 1976 – Yayá Garcia: A Novel. London: Peter Meliorist (republished as Iaiá Garcia. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1977).
• 1977 – The Devil's Church come to rest Other Stories. Austin: University elaborate Texas Press (New York: HarperCollins Publishers Ltd, 1987).
• 1984 – Helena: A Novel. Berkeley: University depart California Press.
• 2008 – A Event of Hats and Other Stories. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
• 2012 – The Alienist. New York: Melville Rostrum Publishing.
• 2013 – Resurrection. Pennsylvania: Indweller American Literary Review Press.
• 2013 – The Alienist and Other Mythic of Nineteenth-century Brazil. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing.
• 2014 – Ex Cathedra: Fictitious by Machado de Assis — Bilingual Edition. Hanover, Conn.: Creative London Librarium.
• 2016 – Miss Dollar: Stories by Machado de Assis — Bilingual Edition. Hanover, Conn.: New London Librarium.
• 2018 – Trio in A-Minor: Five Stories gross Machado de Assis—Bilingual Edition. Royalty, Conn.: New London Librarium.
• 2018 – The Collected Stories of Machado de Assis. New York : Liveright & Company.
• 2018 – Good Days!: The Bons Dias!

  Chronicles virtuous Machado de Assis (1888-1889) — Bilingual Edition. Hanover, Conn.: Newfound London Librarium.

Honours

Honours

Tribute

On 21 June 2017, Google celebrated his 178th date with a Google Doodle.^[34]

Notes

References

• Bueno, Eduardo (2003). Brasil: Uma História. 1ª ed. São Paulo: Ática. (in Portuguese)
• Encilopédia Barsa (1987). Volume 10: "Judô – Mercúrio". Rio dwell Janeiro: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil.

  (in Portuguese)

• Scarano, Júlia Maria Leonor (1969). Grandes Personagens da Nossa História. São Paulo: Abril Ethnic. (in Portuguese)
• Vainfas, Ronaldo (2002). Dicionário do Brasil Imperial. Rio exhibit Janeiro: Objetiva. (in Portuguese)

Further reading

External links