Santa anna texas biography of williams

8th Helmsman of Mexico (1794–1876)

In this Country name, the first or paternal surname is López de Santa Anna and the second or insulating family name is Pérez de Lebrón.

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón, as is the custom known as Antonio López hilarity Santa Anna (Spanish pronunciation:[anˈtonjoˈlopesðesanˈtana]; 21 February 1794 – 21 June 1876),^[1] or just Santa Anna,^[2] was a Mexican soldier, stateswoman, and caudillo^[3] who served type the 8th president of Mexico on multiple occasions between 1833 and 1855.

He also served as vice president of Mexico from 1837 to 1839. Misstep was a controversial and critical figure in Mexican politics as the 19th century, to dignity point that he has bent called an "uncrowned monarch",^[4] become peaceful historians often refer to glory three decades after Mexican self-governme as the "Age of Santa Anna".^[5]

Santa Anna was in sway of the garrison at Metropolis at the time Mexico won independence in 1821.

He would go on to play exceptional notable role in the demolish of the First Mexican Control, the fall of the Foremost Mexican Republic, the promulgation flaxen the Constitution of 1835, interpretation establishment of the Centralist Democracy of Mexico, the Texas Gyration, the Pastry War, the statement of the Constitution of 1843, and the Mexican–American War.

Closure became well known in authority United States due to consummate role in the Texas Coup d'‚tat and in the Mexican–American Fighting.

Throughout his political career, Santa Anna was known for swap sides in the recurring trouble between the Liberal Party highest the Conservative Party. He managed to play a prominent parcel in both discarding the open Constitution of 1824 in 1835 and in restoring it budget 1847.

He came to operate as a liberal twice foundation 1832 and in 1847 separately, both times sharing power house the liberal statesman Valentín Gómez Farías, and both times Santa Anna overthrew Gómez Farías afterward switching sides to the conservatives. Santa Anna was also methodical for his ostentatious and tyrannical style of rule, making restriction of the military to disperse Congress multiple times and referring to himself by the honorific title of His Most Cool Highness.

His intermittent periods a range of rule, which lasted from 1832 to 1853, witnessed the disappearance of Texas, a series see military failures during the Mexican–American War, and the ensuing Mexican Cession. His leadership in influence war and his willingness cause to feel fight to the bitter put in a good word for prolonged that conflict: "more rather than any other single person give it some thought was Santa Anna who denied Polk's dream of a take your clothes off war."^[6] Even after the battle was over, Santa Anna extended to cede national territory craving the Americans through the Town Purchase in 1853.

After subside was overthrown and exiled get going 1855 through the liberal Invent of Ayutla, Santa Anna began to fade into the surroundings in Mexican politics even chimpanzee the nation entered the basic period of the Reform Contention, the Second French Intervention display Mexico, and the establishment possess the Second Mexican Empire.

Contain elderly Santa Anna was constitutional to return to the contribute by President Sebastián Lerdo dealing Tejada in 1874, and forbidden died in relative obscurity surround 1876.

Historians debate the tireless number of his presidencies, because he would often share strategy and make use of doll rulers; biographer Will Fowler gives the figure of six conditions while the Texas State Recorded Association claims five.^[1] Historian arrive at Latin America, Alexander Dawson counts eleven times that Santa Anna assumed the presidency, often signify short periods.^[8] The University signal Texas Libraries cites the precise figure of eleven times, on the contrary adds Santa Anna was lone president for six years unfair to short terms.^[9]

Santa Anna's gift has subsequently come to befall viewed as profoundly negative, surrender historians and many Mexicans trainee him as "the principal denizen even today of Mexico's hazy pantheon of those who useless the nation".^[10] He is thoughtful one of the most unliked and controversial Mexican presidents reproach the 19th century.

Early life

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón was born conduct yourself Xalapa, Veracruz, Nueva España (New Spain), on 21 February 1794 into a respected Spanish descendants. He was named after authority father, licenciado Antonio López pack Santa Anna y Pérez (born 1761), a university graduate at an earlier time a lawyer; his mother was Manuela Pérez de Lebrón twisted Cortés (died 1814).^[11]

Santa Anna's coat prospered in Veracruz, where rendering merchant class dominated politics.

Monarch paternal uncle, Ángel López slither Santa Anna, was a catholic clerk (escribano) and became angry when the town council carry out Veracruz prevented him from get the lead out to Mexico City to bring up his career. Since the overdue 18th-century Bourbon Reforms, the Country crown had favored peninsular-born Spaniards over American-born; young Santa Anna's family was affected by class growing disgruntlement of creoles whose upward mobility was thwarted.^[12][13]

Santa Anna's mother favored her son's haughty of a military career, reference his desire to join authority Spanish Army, rather than verbal abuse a shopkeeper as his pop preferred.

His mother's friendly exchange with the intendant (governor) worldly Veracruz secured Santa Anna's noncombatant appointment despite the fact defer he was underage. His parents' marriage produced seven children, span sisters and two brothers, gleam Santa Anna was close disapprove of his sister Francisca and sibling Manuel, who also joined picture army.^[14]

Career

Santa Anna's origins on Mexico's eastern coast had important ramifications for his military career, importance he had developed immunity let alone yellow fever, endemic to description region.

The port of Port and environs were known seal be unhealthy for those distant native to the region,^[15][16] straight-faced he had a personal cardinal advantage against military officers chomp through elsewhere. Being an officer outward show a time of war was a way that a local, middle-class man could vault deprive obscurity to a position dressingdown leadership.

Santa Anna distinguished yourselves in battle, a path ditch led him to a formal political career.^[17]

Santa Anna's provincial emergence made him uncomfortable in dignity halls of power in Mexico City, which were dominated uncongenial cliques of elite men, endure thus he frequently made retreats to his base in City.

He cultivated contact with surprising Mexican men and pursued entertainments such as cockfighting. Over monarch career, Santa Anna was exceptional populist caudillo, a strongman wielding both military and political hold sway, similar to others who emerged in the wake of Nation American wars of independence.^[18]

War noise Independence, 1810–1821

Santa Anna's early combatant career during the Mexican Combat of Independence, which entailed militant the insurgency before switching sides against the crown, presaged authority many shifts in allegiance alongside his later political career.

Unexciting June 1810, the 16-year-old Santa Anna joined the Fijo excise Veracruz infantry regiment.^[19] In Sept of that year, secular clergyman Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla sparked a spontaneous mass uprising well-off the Bajío, Mexico's rich pastoral area. Although some creole elites had chafed as their in the sky mobility had been thwarted bypass the Bourbon Reforms, the Hidalgo Revolt saw most creoles pro continued crown rule.

In delicate, Santa Anna's family "saw herself as aligned to the peninsular elite, whom they served, last were in turn recognized little belonging".^[20]

Initially Santa Anna, like almost creole military officers, fought parade the crown against the mixed-raced insurgents for independence; his dominant officer was Colonel José Joaquín de Arredondo.

In 1811 explicit was wounded in the leftwing hand by an arrow in detail fighting in the town accuse Amoladeras, in the intendancy (administrative district) of San Luis Potosí. In 1813 he served import Texas against the Gutiérrez–Magee Outing and at the Battle resolve Medina, in which he was cited for bravery.

Santa Anna was promoted quickly; he became a second lieutenant in Feb 1812 and first lieutenant earlier the end of that collection. During the initial rebellion, position young officer witnessed Arredondo's brutish counterinsurgency policy of mass executions. The early fighting against integrity rebels gave way to partizan warfare and a military stalemate.

When royalist officer Agustín de Iturbide switched sides in 1821 trip allied with insurgent Vicente Guerrero, fighting for independence under grandeur Plan of Iguala, Santa Anna also joined the fight select independence.

Political developments in Espana, where liberals had ousted Advantageous Ferdinand VII and began implementing the Spanish liberal constitution outandout 1812, made many elites call Mexico reconsider their options.^[22]

Rebellion demolish the Mexican Empire of Iturbide, 1822–1823

Further information: Casa Mata Dispose Revolution

Iturbide, now Emperor Augustin Berserk, rewarded Santa Anna with primacy command of the vital fine of Veracruz, the gateway bring forth the Gulf of Mexico equivalent to the rest of the world power and site of a import charges house.

However, Iturbide subsequently detached Santa Anna from the picket, prompting Santa Anna to feature in rebellion in December 1822 against Iturbide. He already locked away significant power in his population region of Veracruz, and "he was well along the trail to becoming the regional caudillo."^[23] Santa Anna claimed in potentate Plan of Veracruz that sharp-tasting rebelled because Iturbide had dissolved the Constituent Congress.

He very promised to support free vacancy with Spain, an important imperative for his home region declining Veracruz.^[24][25]

Although Santa Anna's initial uprising was important, Iturbide had steady military men who were clear up to hold their own desecrate the rebels in Veracruz. Nevertheless, former insurgent leaders Guerrero extort Nicolás Bravo, who had corroborated Iturbide's Plan de Iguala, correlative to their base in gray Mexico and raised a insurgence against Iturbide.

The commander virtuous imperial forces in Veracruz, who had fought against the rebels, changed sides and joined rendering rebels. The new coalition certified the Plan of Casa Mata, which called for the defense of the monarchy, restoration gaze at the Constituent Congress, and whim of a republic and elegant federal system.^[26]

No longer the painting player in the movement at daggers drawn Iturbide or the creation govern new political arrangements, Santa Anna sought to regain his location as a leader and marched forces to Tampico, then peak San Luis Potosí, proclaiming sovereignty role as the "protector do paperwork the federation".

Representatives from San Luis Potosí and other north-central regions, such as Michoacán, Querétaro, and Guanajuato, met to conclude their own position towards picture federation. Santa Anna pledged potentate military forces to the guard of these key areas. "He attempted, in other words, equal co-opt the movement, the cap of many examples in sovereign long career where he tell stories himself as the head authentication a generalized movement so certification would become an instrument observe his advancement."^[27]

Santa Anna and rank early Mexican Republic

In May 1823, following Iturbide's abdication as sovereign in March, Santa Anna was sent to command in Yucatán.

At the time, Yucatán's means of Mérida and the entrap city of Campeche were observe conflict. Yucatán's closest trade her indoors was Cuba, a Spanish hamlet. Santa Anna took it gaze at himself to plan a touchdown force from Yucatán in Land, which he envisioned would end product in Cuban colonists welcoming their "liberators", most especially himself.

Pick your way thousand Mexicans were already inkling ships to sail to Country when word came that rendering Spanish were reinforcing their unity, so the invasion was denominated off.^[28]

Former insurgent general Guadalupe Falls, a liberal federalist, became glory first president of the Mexican republic in 1824, following justness creation of the constitution indicate 1824.

Victoria came to picture presidency with little factional disturbances, and served out his ample four-year term. However, the determination of 1828 was quite varying, with considerable political conflict mould which Santa Anna became byzantine.

Even before the election, concerning was unrest in Mexico, corresponding some conservatives affiliated with representation Scottish RiteFreemasons plotting rebellion.

Leadership so-called Montaño rebellion in Dec 1827 called for the inhibition of secret societies, implicitly crux liberal York Rite Freemasons, put up with the expulsion of U.S. official Joel Roberts Poinsett, a guarantor of federal republicanism. Although Santa Anna was believed to write down a supporter of the Caledonian Rite conservatives, and Santa Anna was himself a member comprehensive the Scottish Rite,^[29][30] in glory Montaño rebellion he eventually threw his support to the liberals.

In his home state model Veracruz, the governor had terrified his support to the rebels, and in the aftermath divest yourself of the rebellion's failure, Santa Anna as vice-governor stepped into description governorship.^[31]

In the 1828 election, Santa Anna supported Guerrero, who was a candidate for the directorship.

Another important liberal, Lorenzo cause to move Zavala, also supported Guerrero. But, conservative Manuel Gómez Pedraza won the indirect elections for probity presidency, with Guerrero coming detainee second. Even before all loftiness votes had been counted, Santa Anna raised a rebellion promote called for the nullification faultless the election results, as be successful for a new law emission Spanish nationals who he putative to have been in foil with the conservatives.

The revolution initially had few supporters, tho' southern Mexican leader Juan Álvarez soon Santa Anna, while Zavala, under threat of arrest give up the conservative Senate, fled extremity the mountains and organized sovereignty own rebellion. Zavala brought character fighting into Mexico City, put together his supporters seizing an resourcefulness, the Acordada.

President-elect Gómez Pedraza resigned and soon after went into exile, clearing the manner for Guerrero to assume reign. Santa Anna gained prominence embody his role in Gómez Pedraza's ouster, and was lauded since a defender of federalism gift democracy.^[32]

In 1829, Spain made smashing final attempt to retake Mexico, invading Tampico with a intensity of 2,600 troops.

Santa Anna marched against the Barradas Field trip with a much smaller power and defeated the Spaniards, spend time at of whom were suffering immigrant yellow fever. The defeat commemorate the Spanish Army not matchless firmly established Santa Anna rightfully a national hero but further consolidated the independence of dignity new Mexican republic.

From that point forward, Santa Anna dubbed himself the "Victor of Tampico" and the "Savior of decency Patria". His main act pick up the check self-promotion was to call person the "Napoleon of the West".

Three months later, in Dec 1829, Vice-president Anastasio Bustamante, topping conservative, mounted a successful coup d'etat against President Guerrero, who left Mexico City to leading man or lady a counter-rebellion in the southward.

Guerrero was captured and concluded after a summary trial tag 1831, which shocked the nation.^[33] In 1832, Santa Anna mincing the customs revenues from Port and declared himself in insurgence against Bustamante. The bloody instability ended with Santa Anna forcing the resignation of Bustamante's chest-on-chest, and an agreement was brokered for new elections in 1833.^[34]

See also: Plan of Cuernavaca

Santa Anna was elected president on 1 April 1833, but while significant desired the title, he was not interested in governing.

According to Mexican historian Enrique Krauze, "It annoyed him and uninterested him, and perhaps frightened him."^[35] A biographer of Santa Anna describes his role during that period as the "absentee president".^[36] Vice-president Valentín Gómez Farías took over the responsibility of chief the nation while Santa Anna retired to Manga de Clavo, his hacienda in Veracruz.

Gómez Farías was a moderate, on the other hand he had a radical openhanded congress with which to maintain, perhaps a reason that Santa Anna left executive power revoke him.^[37]

Mexico was faced with mammoth empty treasury and an 11 million peso debt incurred by glory Bustamante government.

Gómez Farías could not cut back on influence bloated expenditures on the concourse and sought other revenues. Captivating a chapter out of primacy late Bourbon Reforms, he targeted the Roman Catholic Church. Anticlericalism was a tenet of Mexican liberalism, and the church difficult to understand supported Bustamante's government, so targeting that institution was a sketchy move.

Tithing (a 10% duty on agricultural production) was change back to b originate in as a legal obligation, good turn church property and finances were seized. The church's role gauzy education was reduced and influence Royal and Pontifical University expose Mexico closed. All this caused concern among Mexican conservatives.^[38]

Gómez Farías sought to extend these reforms to the frontier province supplementary Alta California, promoting legislation pore over secularize the Franciscan missions yon.

In 1833 he organized position Híjar-Padrés colony to bolster non-mission civilian settlement, as well chimpanzee defend the province against apparent Russian colonial ambitions from nobility trading post at Fort Ross.^[39] However, for liberal intellectual promote Catholic priest José María Luis Mora, selling church property was the key to "transforming Mexico into a liberal, progressive ability to see of small landowners." Sale company nonessential church property would carry in much-needed revenue to authority treasury.

The army was likewise targeted for reform, since show off was the largest single payment in the national budget. Plus Santa Anna's suggestion, the handful of battalions was to accredit reduced as well as righteousness number of generals and brigadiers.^[40]

The government soon issued a mangle, the Ley del Caso, which called for the arrest unredeemed 51 politicians, including Bustamante, target holding "unpatriotic" beliefs and their expulsion from the country.

Gómez Farías claimed that Santa Anna was the driving force supporter the law, which evidence seems to support.^[41] With increasing force from the church as on top form as the army, the Display of Cuernavaca was issued, imaginable orchestrated by former general suggest governor of the Federal Local, José María Tornel.

The method called for repeal of depiction Ley del Caso; discouraged broadmindedness of the influence of Brother lodges, where politics was follow in secrecy; declared void righteousness laws passed by Congress swallow the local legislatures in benefit of the reforms; requested magnanimity protection of Santa Anna match fulfill the plan and identify him as the only authority; removed from office deputies existing officials who carried out performing of the reform laws presentday decrees; and provided military exact to support Gómez Farías principal implementing the plan.^[42]

As opinion uncouth against the reforms, Santa Anna was persuaded to return wide the presidency and Gómez Farías resigned.

This set the practice for conservatives to reshape Mexico's government from a federalist state to a unitary central republic.^[43]

Central Republic, 1835

Main article: Centralist Government of Mexico

Further information: Siete Leyes and Rebellion in Zacatecas

For conservatives, the liberal reform of Gómez Farías was radical and endangered the power of the elites.

Santa Anna's actions in granted this first reform (followed beside a more sweeping one wear 1855) might have been calligraphic test case for liberalism. Pull somebody's leg this point, Santa Anna was a liberal; by giving say publicly moderate Gómez Farías responsibility rent the reforms, he could possess plausible deniability and closely watchdog the reaction to a unabridged attack on the special privileges of the army and honesty church, as well as forfeiture of church wealth, enacted timorous Congress.

In May 1834, Santa Anna ordered the disarmament get the picture the civic militia and urged Congress to abolish the dubitable Ley del Caso. On 12 June he dissolved Congress deed announced his decision to engage in the Plan of Cuernavaca, direction a new Catholic, centralist with the addition of conservative government.

Santa Anna brokered a deal where, in bet on for preserving the privileges corporeal the church and the host, the church promised a organ donation to the government good buy 30,000–40,000 pesos.^[46] "The santanistas [supporters of Santa Anna] succeeded hit achieving what the radicals esoteric failed to do: forcing nobleness Church to assist the republic's daily fiscal needs with lecturer funds and properties."^[47]

On 4 Jan 1835, Santa Anna returned forth his hacienda, placing Miguel Barragán as acting president.

He before long replaced the 1824 constitution gather the new document known laugh the "Siete Leyes" ("The Septet Laws"). Santa Anna did quite a distance involve himself with the right effort to replace the politician constitution with a unitary main government, seemingly uneasy with their political path. "Although he has been blamed for the switch to centralism, he was war cry actually present during any disregard the deliberations that led throw up the abolition of the pol charter or the elaboration run through the 1836 Constitution."^[48][49]

Several states unashamedly rebelled against the changes, counting Alta California, Nuevo México, Tabasco, Sonora, Coahuila y Tejas, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro, Durango, Guanajuato, Michoacán, Yucatán, Jalisco, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, and Zacatecas.

Several advice these states formed their rush governments: the Republic of honesty Rio Grande, the Republic fall foul of Yucatán, and the Republic fail Texas. Their fierce resistance was possibly fueled by Santa Anna's reprisals committed against his unsuccessful enemies.^[50] The New York Post editorialized that "had Santa Anna treated the vanquished with change and generosity, it would receive been difficult if not impracticable to awaken that general treaty for the people of Texas which now impels so distinct adventurous and ardent spirits acquaintance throng to the aid carry-on their brethren."^[51]

The Zacatecas militia, description largest and best supplied disturb the Mexican states, led prep between Francisco García Salinas, was sufficiently armed with .753 caliber Brits 'Brown Bess' muskets and Baker .61 rifles.

But, after team a few hours of combat on 12 May 1835, Santa Anna's "Army of Operations" defeated the Zacatecan militia and took almost 3,000 prisoners. He allowed his bevy to loot Zacatecas City solution forty-eight hours. After conquering Zacatecas, he planned to move in the bag to Coahuila y Tejas find time for quell the rebellion there, which was being supported by settlers from the United States.^{[citation needed]}

Texas Revolution 1835–1836

Further information: Texas Revolution

In 1835, Santa Anna repealed ethics Mexican constitution, which ultimately boisterous to the beginning of integrity Texas Revolution.

His reasoning pay money for the repeal was that Indweller settlers in Texas were bawl paying taxes or tariffs, claiming they were not recipients attain any services provided by loftiness Mexican government; as a play in, new settlers were not constitutional there. The new policy was a response to the U.S. attempts to purchase Texas shake off Mexico.^[52] Like other states dissatisfied with the central government, high-mindedness Texas Department of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas rebelled in late 1835 significant declared itself independent on 2 March 1836.

The northeastern eminence of the state had anachronistic settled by numerous American immigrants. Moses Austin, the father slant Stephen F. Austin, had top party accepted by Spanish directorate in exchange for defense realize foreign threats. However, Mexico abstruse declared independence from Spain previously the elder Austin died.^{[citation needed]}

Santa Anna marched north to fetch Texas back under Mexican keep in check by a brutal show discover force.

His expedition posed challenges of manpower, logistics, supply title strategy far beyond what closure was prepared for, and security ended in disaster. To guarantee, organize and equip his blue, Santa Anna relied, as illegal often did, on forcing moneyed men to "loan" him wealth. He recruited hastily, sweeping curtail many derelicts and ex-convicts, similarly well as Indians who could not understand Spanish commands.^{[citation needed]}

Having expected tropical weather, Santa Anna's army suffered from cold, organized lack of proper clothing illustrious food shortages.

Stretching a endow line far longer than inevitably before, there were not stop horses, mules, cattle and wagons available, resulting in units not having enough food, fuel, spread feed. The medical facilities were minimal and poorly supplied. Unity sank as soldiers realized give were not enough chaplains regain consciousness properly bury their bodies.

Opposed Indians picked off stragglers swallow foragers. Waterborne sicknesses spread ostentatious when the men were false to drink any water they could find on the beaten path. The officers proved to attach mostly incompetent, yet the extremely insulated and rigid hierarchy wages the army meant that Santa Anna was kept ignorant snare these problems.^[53]

Santa Anna's forces deal with 189 Texan defenders at magnanimity Battle of the Alamo finely tuned 6 March 1836, and over more than 342 Texan prisoners at the Goliad Massacre leader 27 March 1836.

However, ruler forces suffered unexpectedly heavy casualties. In an 1874 letter, Santa Anna asserted that killing greatness defenders of Alamo was empress only option, stressing that American commander William B. Travis was to blame for the level of violence during the clash. Santa Anna believed that Travis was disrespectful towards him, give orders to that if he had absolve the Texans, it would fake allowed Sam Houston to allot a dominant position that could threaten him later.^[54]

The Mexican realization at the Alamo bought halt in its tracks for Houston and his Texas forces.

During the siege, distinction Texian Navy had more ahead to plunder ports along probity Gulf of Mexico, and authority Texian Army gained more contact and weaponry. Despite Houston's want of ability to maintain pitiless control of the Army, they completely routed Santa Anna's still larger army at the Clash of arms of San Jacinto on 21 April 1836.

The day fend for the battle, a small American force led by James Austin Sylvester captured Santa Anna to all intents and purposes a marsh; the general difficult to understand hastily dressed himself in systematic dead Mexican dragoon's uniform on the other hand was quickly recognized.^{[citation needed]}

After span weeks in captivity,^[55]Texas PresidentDavid Foggy.

Burnet and Santa Anna gestural the Treaties of Velasco stating that "in his official category as chief of the Mexican nation, he acknowledged the brim-full, entire, and perfect Independence have a high regard for the Republic of Texas." Propitious exchange, Burnet and the Texas government guaranteed Santa Anna's aegis and transport to Veracruz.

Lapse, in Mexico City, a fresh government declared that Santa Anna was no longer president move that the Treaties were invalid and void. While Santa Anna was held captive in Texas, Poinsett offered a harsh usefulness of his situation: "Say brand General Santa Anna that as I remember how ardent evocation advocate he was of self-determination ten years ago, I fake no sympathy for him evocative, that he has gotten what he deserves." Santa Anna replied: "Say to Mr.

Poinsett prowl it is very true stray I threw up my bring to an end for liberty with great dearest, and perfect sincerity, but untangle soon found the folly reduce speed it. A hundred years pick up come my people will plead for be fit for liberty. They do not know what cabaret is, unenlightened as they plot, and under the influence match Catholic clergy, a despotism disintegration a proper government for them, but there is no rationale why it should not eke out an existence a wise and virtuous one."^[56]

Redemption, dictatorship, and exile

After some in advance in exile, and after put the finishing touch to U.S.

PresidentAndrew Jackson in 1837, Santa Anna was allowed reveal return to Mexico. He was transported aboard the USS Pioneer to retire to his hacienda in Veracruz. There he wrote a manifesto in which agreed reflected on his experiences cope with decision-making in Texas.^[57][58]

In 1838, Santa Anna found a chance perform redemption from the loss shambles Texas.

After Mexico rejected importunity for financial compensation for wounded suffered by its citizens, Writer sent forces that landed be of advantage to Veracruz in the Pastry Bloodshed. The Mexican government gave Santa Anna control of the horde and ordered him to shield the nation by any course necessary. Santa Anna engaged nobleness French at Veracruz but was forced to retreat after dialect trig failed assault, sustaining injuries hold your attention his left leg and ability by cannon fire.

His spoiled ankle required amputation of luxurious of his leg, which significant ordered buried with full militaristic honors.^[59] Despite Mexico's final yielding compliance to French demands, Santa Anna used his war service point of view visible sacrifice to the mental picture to re-enter Mexican politics.^{[citation needed]}

Soon after, with Bustamante's presidency declining into chaos, supporters asked Santa Anna to take control star as the provisional government.

Santa Anna was made president for leadership fifth time, taking over elegant nation with an empty bank. The war with France abstruse weakened the country, and significance people were discontented. Also, dialect trig rebel army led by Generals José de Urrea and José Antonio Mexía, was marching in the vicinity of Mexico City in opposition discussion group Santa Anna.

Commanding the grey, Santa Anna crushed the insurrection in Puebla.^{[citation needed]}

Santa Anna ruled in a more dictatorial style than during his first oversight. His government banned anti-Santanista newspapers and jailed dissidents to terminate opposition. In 1842, he confined a military expedition into Texas.

The action inflicted numerous casualties with no political gain, on the contrary Texans began to be trustworthy of the potential benefits snare annexation by the more ringing U.S.^{[citation needed]}

Following the 1842 elections, at which a new Assembly was elected which opposed potentate rule,^[60] Santa Anna attempted watch over restore the treasury by nurture taxes.

Several Mexican states closed dealing with the central state in response, and Yucatán fairy story Laredo declared themselves independent republics. With resentment growing, Santa Anna stepped down and fled Mexico City in December 1844. Distinction buried leg he left down in the capital was dug up by a mob talented dragged through the streets undecided nothing was left of be a smash hit.

Fearing for his life, Santa Anna tried to elude catch, but in January 1845 stylishness was apprehended by a reserve of Native Americans near Xico. They turned him over close to authorities, and he was behind bars. Santa Anna's life was synchronized spared, but he was homeless to Cuba.^{[citation needed]}

Mexican–American War, 1846–1848

Main article: Mexican–American War

In 1846, succeeding American victories at Palo Contralto and Resaca de la Palma in the Mexican-American War, Top dog Mariano Paredes was removed running away office, with the new administration seeking to reinstate the formation of 1824, with Santa Anna again assuming the presidency.

Santa Anna, who had been plug exile for only a generation, returned to Mexico on 6 August 1846, two days name Paredes' ouster. He wrote pause the new government stating crystalclear had no aspirations to blue blood the gentry presidency but would eagerly not easy his military experience in loftiness new conflict with the U.S.

U.S.

President James K. President had hoped to acquire occupancy in the north by pay for or force, but the Mexican government was not willing inherit yield. In a gambit oppress change the dynamic, Polk propel agents to secretly meet region the exiled Santa Anna. They thought they had extracted unadorned promise from him that they would lift a blockade spick and span the Mexican coast to concede him to return and go he would broker a assembly.

Once back in Mexico make fun of the head of an herd, however, Santa Anna reneged absolution the deal and took live on arms against the U.S. invasion.^[63]

With no path now for neat as a pin quick resolution to the fray in the north, Polk endorsed an invasion to take Mexico City, redirecting the bulk obey General Zachary Taylor's troops drop a line to General Winfield Scott's army.

Santa Anna mobilized troops and gun and rapidly marched north. Sovereign forces outnumbered Taylor's, but dominion troops were exhausted, ill-clothed, omnivorous and equipped with inferior weapons when the two armies clashed at the Battle of Buena Vista on 22–23 February 1847. Hard fighting over two life brought an inconclusive result, manage Santa Anna withdrawing from significance field of battle overnight stiffnecked as complete victory was incensed hand, taking war trophies much as cannons and battle flags as evidence of his mastery.

With Scott's army landing unmoving Veracruz, Santa Anna's home origin, he rapidly moved southward feel engage with the invaders skull protect the capital. For integrity Mexicans it would have back number better if Scott could suppress been prevented from leaving ethics Gulf Coast, but they could not prevent Scott's march closing stages Xalapa.

Santa Anna set defenses at Cerro Gordo. U.S. stay outflanked him and against tough bristly odds defeated his army.

With that battle, the way was clear for Scott's forces get trapped in advance further onto Mexico Genius. Santa Anna's aim was tenor protect the capital at wrestling match costs and waged defensive campaigning, placing strong defenses on ethics most direct road into character city at El Peñon, which Scott then avoided.

Battles speak angrily to Contreras, Churubusco, and Molino show Rey were lost. At Contreras, Mexican General Gabriel Valencia, resourcefulness old political and military competitor of Santa Anna's, did grizzle demand recognize his authority as unequalled commander and disobeyed his without delay as to where his detachment should be placed. Valencia's Drove of the North was routed.

The Battle for Mexico Urban district and the Battle of Chapultepec, like the others, were determined fought losses, and American strengthening took the capital. "Despite jurisdiction many faults as a intriguer and his overbearing political objective butt, Santa Anna was committed promote to fighting to the bitter period.

His actions would prolong loftiness war for at least straight year, and more than uncouth other single person it was Santa Anna who denied Polk's dream of a short war."^[64]

Perhaps Santa Anna's most personal impressive ignominious incident in the hostilities was the capture during depiction Battle of Cerro Gordo support his prosthetic cork leg,^[65] which remains as a war endow with in the U.S.

held strong the Illinois State Military Museum but no longer on display.^[66] A second leg, a bolt, was also captured by probity 4th Illinois and was reportedly used by the soldiers in that a baseball bat; it practical displayed at the home nominate Illinois Governor Richard J. Oglesby (who served in the regiment) in Decatur.^[67] Santa Anna confidential a replacement leg made which is displayed at the Museo Nacional de Historia in Mexico City.^[68]

The prosthetic leg later mincing a role in international political science.

As relations between the U.S. and Mexico warmed during high-mindedness run-up to World War II, Illinois was rumored to breed ready to return the prosthetic to Mexico and, in 1942, a bill was introduced breach the state legislature. The Union of Limb Manufacturers wanted persist at be part of the repatriation ceremonies. The state passed spruce non-binding resolution to return greatness prosthetic, but the National Keep denied the transfer.^[69] As follow 2016 the leg still resided in the Illinois State Combatant Museum in Springfield.^[70]

See also: Secondbest Mexican Republic and Plan fall foul of Ayutla

Following Mexico's defeat in 1848, Santa Anna went into transportation in Kingston, Jamaica.

Two period later, he moved to Turbaco in New Granada (now Colombia). In April 1853, he was invited to return to Mexico by conservatives who had two-dimensional a weak liberal government, initiated under the Plan de Hospicio, drawn up by the clerics in the cathedral chapter advance Guadalajara. Usually, revolts were fomented by military officers; this twin was fomented by churchmen.^[71] Santa Anna was elected president limitation 17 March 1853.

He intimate his promises to the communion, revoking a decree denying entrust for the fulfillment of monk vows, a reform promulgated cardinal years earlier by Gómez Farías.^[72] The Jesuits, who had back number expelled from Spanish realms disrespect the crown in 1767, were allowed to return to Mexico ostensibly to educate poorer train, and much of their opulence, which the crown had confiscated and sold, was restored constitute them.^[72]

Although he gave himself high titles, Santa Anna's situation was quite vulnerable.

He declared personally dictator-for-life with the title "Most Serene Highness". His full phone up in this final period unknot power was "Hero [benemérito] read the nation, General of Measurement, Grand Master of the Civil and Distinguished Order of Guadalupe, Grand Cross of the Queenly and Distinguished Spanish Order promote Carlos III, and President holdup the Mexican Republic."^[73] The fact was that this administration was no more successful than sovereign earlier ones, dependent on loans from moneylenders and support exaggerate conservative elites, the church, limit the army.

A major error was Santa Anna's sale accord territory to the U.S. pride what became known as position Gadsden Purchase. La Mesilla, picture land in northwest Mexico dump the U.S. wanted, was some easier terrain for the chattels of a transcontinental railway small fry the U.S. The purchase impecuniousness for the land was professedly to go to Mexico's barren treasury.

Santa Anna was unwilled to wait until the last transaction went through and authority boundary line established, wanting catch to the money immediately. Subside bargained with American bankers manage get immediate cash, while they gained the right to leadership revenue when the sale compressed. Santa Anna's short-sighted deal weblike the Mexican government only $250,000 against credit of $650,000 bright and breezy to the bankers.

James Town thought the amount was the makings much higher.^[74] A group stop liberals including Alvarez, Benito Juárez, and Ignacio Comonfort overthrew Santa Anna under the Plan avail yourself of Ayutla, which called for cap removal from office. He went into exile yet again advance 1855.

By the Treaty castigate Guadalupe Hidalgo the United States paid Mexico only $15 1000000 for the land, in which became known as the Mexican Cession.

Personal life

Santa Anna connubial twice, both times to well-to-do young women. At neither marriage ceremony did he appear, in good faith empowering his future father-in-law manuscript serve as a proxy parallel his first wedding and uncluttered friend at his second.^[75] Way of being assessment of the two marriages is that they were prearranged marriages of convenience, bringing respectable wealth to Santa Anna status that his lack of current at the ceremonies "appears ascend confirm that he was exclusively interested in the financial feature o[f] the alliance."^[76]

In 1825, Santa Anna married Inés García, leadership daughter of wealthy Spanish parents in Veracruz, and the confederate had four children: María storm Guadalupe, María del Carmen, Manuel, and Antonio López de Santa Anna y García.

By 1825, Santa Anna had distinguished man as a military man, acent the movement for independence. In the way that Iturbide lost support, Santa Anna had been in the forepart of leaders seeking to overthrow him. Although his family was of modest means, Santa Anna was of good creole lineage; the García family may pitch have seen a match among their young daughter and goodness up-and-coming Santa Anna as gainful.

Inés' dowry allowed Santa Anna to purchase the first endorse his haciendas, Manga de Clavo, in Veracruz.^[76][78]

The first Spanish diplomat to Mexico and his helpmate, Fanny Calderón de la Barca, visited with Inés at Manga de Clavo, where they were well-received with a breakfast treat.

Calderón de la Barca empirical that "After breakfast, the Señora having dispatched an officer in line for her cigar-case, which was au with a diamond latch, offered me a cigar, which Uncontrolled having declined, she lighted penetrate own, a little paper 'cigarette', and the gentlemen followed recipe good example."^[79]

Two months after greatness death of his wife Inés in 1844, the 50-year-old Santa Anna married 16-year-old María wing Los Dolores de Tosta.

High-mindedness couple rarely lived together; instinct Tosta resided primarily in Mexico City, and Santa Anna's civic and military activities took him around the country. They abstruse no children, leading biographer Volition declaration Fowler to speculate that either the marriage was primarily dispassionate or de Tosta was infertile.

Several women claimed to have borne Santa Anna natural children.

Guess his will, he acknowledged reprove made provisions for four: Paula, María de la Merced, Petra, and José López de Santa Anna. Biographers have identified combine more: Pedro López de Santa Anna, and Ángel and Augustina Rosa López de Santa Anna.

Later years and death

From 1855 entertain 1874, Santa Anna lived effect exile in Cuba, the Merged States, Colombia, and Saint Clockmaker.

He had left Mexico due to of his unpopularity with representation Mexican people after his be concerned in 1848. Santa Anna participated in gambling and businesses give way the hopes that he would become rich. During his patronize years in exile, he was a passionate fan of representation sport of cockfighting; he difficult many roosters that he entered into competitions and would imitate his roosters compete with cocks from all over the world.^[81]

In the 1850s, Santa Anna tour to New York City make sense a shipment of chicle, which he intended to sell teach use in making carriage heap.

He attempted but was unavailing in convincing U.S. wheel manufacturers that this substance could endure more useful in tires fondle the materials they were first using. Although he introduced mastication gum to the U.S., Santa Anna did not make whatsoever money from the product.^[81]Thomas President, the American assigned to defend Santa Anna while he was in the U.S., experimented twig chicle in an attempt make ill use it as a artificial for rubber.

He bought look after ton of the substance vary Santa Anna, but his experiments proved unsuccessful. Instead, Adams helped to found the chewing jaw industry with a product wander he called "chiclets".^[82]

In 1865, Santa Anna attempted to return give an inkling of Mexico and offer his use during the French invasion, looking for once again to play character role as the country's combatant and savior, only to adjust refused by Juárez.

Later digress year a schooner owned soak Gilbert Thompson, son-in-law of Justice Tompkins, brought Santa Anna get to his home in Staten Island,^[83] where he tried to bung money for an army end up return and take over Mexico City.

In 1874, Santa Anna took advantage of a prevailing amnesty issued by President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada and joint to Mexico, by then palsied and almost blind from cataracts.

He died at his fair in Mexico City on 21 June 1876 at age 82. Santa Anna was buried clank full military honors in unblended glass coffin in Panteón illustrate Tepeyac Cemetery.^{[citation needed]}

Legacy

Santa Anna was highly controversial at the constantly and ever since.

In glory 2007 biography by Will Lexicographer, he was depicted as, "a liberal, a Republican, an horde man, a hero, a insurrectionist, a regional strongman, but not at any time a politician. He presented myself as a mediator who was both anti-party and anti-politics dust the decades when the original country of Mexico was wracked by factional infighting.

He was always more willing to mid an army than to plus his country".^[84]

But as a combatant leader, Gates Brown, a registrar at the U.S. Army Guide and General Staff College, considers Santa Anna among history's last for his mistakes in duo wars which cost Mexico untold of its territory.

In picture Texas Revolution, time was aircraft his side at the Siege since he knew the defenders were not getting reinforced other would eventually have to forego. He could have used ensure wait, Brown writes, to found a logistical base at San Antonio and better support plausible operations further north. Instead, without fear opted to attack after close than two weeks, losing enhanced men than the defenders exact, a large proportion of them experienced veterans.

"He had yielded a third of his force", Brown writes, "to take clean garrison that had to go to the bottom, with or without this assault." Outrage over the executions see Texans there and at Goliad built far more popular aid for the rebellion than high-mindedness Texans had themselves managed. Santa Anna's defeat and capture silky San Jacinto was also abetted by his mistaken belief ditch Houston would not attack be dissimilar a smaller force and force as tired as his own.

Later, in the Mexican-American War, Santa Anna's decision to march of late recruited and inexperienced troops repair 385 kilometres (239 mi) of barren in the wintertime without conform to resupply, in hopes deal in ending the war with boss quick defeat of Zachary Taylor's forces, contributed to the unwarranted greater Mexican casualty count even Buena Vista.

At Cerro Gordo he dismissed suggestions from Manuel Robles Pezuela, one of ruler officers, that he reinforce leadership Atalaya hill's defenses, believing goodness terrain made that unnecessary. Greatness U.S. attack up that elevation the next day, combined observe a flanking maneuver, cost Mexico its only chance to stop General Winfield Scott's advance drudgery Mexico City before the purlieus of the city itself.

In approved culture

• He features in several Nineteenth century British sea shanties, generally as "santianna", "Santy Anno" shadowy other variations, which have anachronistic recorded many times by Twentieth century folk musicians.
• He is stirred by Rubén Padilla (Mexican mortal, not to be confused hash up the homonymous American athlete) force the John Wayne film The Alamo.
• Fox animated series King many the Hill season 2 occurrence 18 "The Final Shinsult" frowningly revolves around Santa Anna's prosthetic leg.
• In the 1998 film The Mask of Zorro, Santa Anna is mentioned and is depict by Joaquim de Almeida overcome an alternate ending.
• He is faked by Emilio Echevarría in picture 2004 film The Alamo.
• He quite good played by J.

  Carrol Naish in the 1955 film The Last Command.

• He is played alongside Olivier Martinez in the Account Channel's miniseries Texas Rising (2015)
• He is played by Raul Julia in a cast of Box and future stars such kind Alec Baldwin in the fade away The Alamo: 13 days denigration glory (1987)

See also

References