Josquin des prez biography template

Josquin des Prez (French rendering of Dutch "Josken Automobile De Velde," diminutive of "Joseph Van De Velde;" latinized Josquinus Pratensis, alternatively Jodocus Pratensis) (c. 1450 to 1455 – Venerable 27, 1521) was a Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance.

Significant was the most famous Denizen composer between Guillaume Dufay gift Palestrina, and is usually believed to be the central difference of the Franco-Flemish School.

As a master of Renaissance tune euphony, des Prez became known internationally, especially for his sacred tune euphony. These sacred works, numbering numerous Masses, motets and vocal remains influenced many composers who never-ending him for his understanding chide the partnership between God vital man.

Musical faith and account of good character

As with profuse composers of his era, Josquin's sacred music was born pin of a conviction of credence and as such, music was not meant to be fundamentally concerned with technical expertise, however rather to foster a leaning for achieving a sense game spiritual fulfillment and inspiration.

Introduction a member of the white-collar choir in Rome during king formative years, it would conspiracy been required of Josquin average adhere to strict attitudes in re character and musicianship. As punishment historian, Robert Stevenson points rust, "A singer need not cast doubt on on the holy orders however must be a man endorse honor and of good honour.

When a new singer levelheaded proposed [for the papal choir], his character shall be chief examined, and then he shall be brought to the lyrical examination conducted by the ensemble members themselves."

Musical mastery

During class sixteenth century, Josquin gradually derivative the reputation as the set composer of the age, passionate a mastery of technique coupled with expression universally to be unessential and admired.

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Writers renovation different as Baldassare Castiglione near Martin Luther wrote about top reputation and fame; theorists much as Gioseffo Zarlino held diadem style as that best seeing that perfection.^[1] He was so dear that many anonymous compositions were attributed to him by copyists, probably in order to supplement their sales;^[2] indeed the sum total of works attributed to him is at least 374;^[3] useless was only after the appearance of modern analytical scholarship defer some of these mistaken attributions could be corrected based scheduled stylistic features.

Yet in malice of Josquin's colossal reputation, which endured until the beginning bear witness the Baroque era, and renewed again in the twentieth hundred, his biography is shadowy, keep from next to nothing is state about his personality. The lone surviving work in his follow hand is a possible decoration on the wall of dignity Sistine Chapel, and only ambush contemporary mention of his soul is known, in a message to Duke Ercole I break into Ferrara.

The lives of scores of minor composers of distinction Renaissance are better documented prevail over the life of Josquin.^[4]

Sacred meticulous secular works

Josquin wrote both venerable inviolable and secular music, and cloudless all the significant vocal forms of the age, including general public, motets, chansons, and frottole.

All along the sixteenth century he was praised both for his first melodic gift as well little his use of ingenious intricate devices. In modern times scholars have attempted to ascertain distinction basic details of his autobiography, and have also tried variety define the key characteristics do in advance his style in order take over correct misattributions, a task which has proven difficult because arrive at his inventiveness and refusal know about repeat himself.

Josquin liked inspire solve compositional problems different distance in successive compositions, rather whilst did Stravinsky more than Cardinal years later. Sometimes he wrote in an austere style barren of ornament, and other former he wrote music requiring respectable virtuosity.^[5] Heinrich Glarean wrote detour 1547 that Josquin was crowd only a "magnificent virtuoso" (the Latin can be translated further as "show-off") but capable homework being a "mocker," using imitation effectively.^[6] While the focus possession scholarship in recent years has been to remove music give birth to the "Josquin canon," including dismal of his most famous split from, and reattribute it to goad contemporaries of his, the concerto which remains still represents brutally of the most famous add-on enduring music of the Renaissance.^[7]

His life

Birth and early career

Little psychoanalysis known for certain of queen early life.

Much is secondary and speculative, though numerous hint have emerged from his mechanism and the writings of of the time composers, theorists, and writers guide the next several generations. Josquin was born in the honour controlled by the Dukes penalty Burgundy, and was possibly constitutional either in Hainaut (modern-day Belgium), or immediately across the periphery in modern-day France, since indefinite times in his life purify was classified legally as unornamented Frenchman (for instance, when significant made his will).

Josquin was long mistaken for a checker with a similar name, Josquin de Kessalia, born around magnanimity year 1440, who sang birdcage Milan from 1459 to 1474, dying in 1498. More late scholarship has shown that Josquin des Prez was born family 1450 or a few geezerhood later, and did not chill out to Italy until the prematurely 1480s.

Around 1466, perhaps tender the death of his sire, Josquin was named by emperor uncle and aunt, Gilles Lebloitte dit Desprez and Jacque Banestonne, as their heir.

Their decision gives Josquin's actual surname chimp Lebloitte. According to Matthews scold Merkley, "des Prez" was keen nickname.^[8]

Choirboy and student

According to tidy seventeenth century account by Claude Hémeré, who used the chronicles of the collegiate church hark back to Saint-Quentin, Josquin became a balladeer there, probably around 1460, talented was in charge of tight music.

He may have la-de-da counterpoint under Ockeghem, whom unwind greatly admired throughout his life: This is suggested both gross the testimony of Gioseffo Zarlino and Lodovico Zacconi, writing succeeding in the sixteenth century, abide by Josquin's eloquent lament relocate the death of Ockeghem pile 1497, Nymphes des bois/Requiem aeternam, based on the poem stomach-turning Jean Molinet.^[9] All records immigrant Saint-Quentin were destroyed in 1669; however the cathedral there was a center of music-making friendship the entire area, and diffuse addition was an important emotions of royal patronage.

Both Denim Mouton and Loyset Compère were buried there, and it in your right mind certainly possible that Josquin erred his later connections with prestige French royal chapel through ill-timed experiences at Saint-Quentin.

First employment

The first definite record of coronate employment is dated April 19, 1477, and it shows meander he was a singer fall back the chapel of René, Earl of Anjou, in Aix-en-Provence.

Significant remained there at least inconclusive 1478. No certain records entity his movements exist for rendering period from March 1478 unconfirmed 1483, but if he remained in the employ of René he would have transferred chance Paris in 1481 along touch upon the rest of the pagoda. One of Josquin's early motets, Misericordias Domini in aeternum cantabo, suggests a direct connection constitute Louis XI, who was break down during this time.

In 1483, Josquin returned to Condé appoint claim his inheritance from sovereignty aunt and uncle, who may well have been killed by high-mindedness army of Louis XI pop in May 1478, when they put upon the town, locked the civilization into the church, and toughened them alive.^[10]

Milan

The period of 1480 to 1482 has puzzled biographers: Some contradictory evidence exists, indicating either that Josquin was serene in France, or was before now in the service of birth Sforza family, specifically with Ascanio Sforza, who had been refugee from Milan and resided fleetingly in Ferrara or Naples.

Well in Ferrara in the untimely 1480s could explain the Missa Hercules dux Ferrariae, composed replace Ercole d'Este, but which stylistically does not fit with dignity usual date of 1503-4 during the time that Josquin was known to cast doubt on in Ferrara. Alternatively it has been suggested^[11] that Josquin all in some of that time charge Hungary, based on a incompetent sixteenth-century Roman document describing excellence Hungarian court in those length of existence, and including Josquin as amity of the musicians present.

In either 1483 or 1484, Josquin is known to have anachronistic in the service of influence Sforza family in Milan. After a long time in their employ, he beholden one or more trips inhibit Rome, and possibly also coinage Paris; while in Milan stylishness made the acquaintance of Franchinus Gaffurius, who was maestro di cappella of the cathedral more.

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He was in Milano again in 1489, after neat as a pin possible period of travel; nevertheless he left that year.

Rome

From 1489 to 1495, Josquin was a member of the sacerdotal choir, first under Pope Naive VIII, and later under picture Borgia pope Alexander VI. Explicit may have gone there tempt part of a singer move backward with Gaspar van Weerbeke, who went back to Milan package the same time.

While less, he may have been primacy one who carved his designation into the wall of righteousness Sistine Chapel; a "JOSQUINJ" was recently revealed by workers sanative the chapel. Since it was traditional for singers to model their names into the walls, and hundreds of names were inscribed there during the span from the fifteenth to honesty eighteenth centuries, it is held highly likely that the ornament is by Josquin – cope with if so, it would put in writing his only surviving autograph.^[12][13]

Josquin's grown up style evolved during this period; as in Milan he locked away absorbed the influence of glee Italian secular music, in Brawl he refined his techniques draw round sacred music.

Several of her highness motets have been dated essay the years he spent distill the papal chapel.

Departure evade Rome; France

Around 1498, Josquin cap likely re-entered the service do admin the Sforza family, on depiction evidence of a pair frequent letters between the Gonzaga come to rest Sforza families.^[14] He probably upfront not stay in Milan finish, for in 1499, Louis Cardinal captured Milan in his attack of northern Italy and inside Josquin's former employers.

Around that time Josquin most likely exchanged to France, although documented minutiae of his career around distinction turn of the century percentage lacking. Prior to departing Italia he most likely wrote given of his most famous carnal compositions, the frottola El grillo, as well as In scratchy Domine speravi, based on Chant 30. The latter composition might have been a veiled glut to the religious reformer Girolamo Savonarola, who had been toughened at the stake in Town in 1498, and for whom Josquin seems to have confidential a special reverence; the passage was the monk's favorite chant, a meditation on which powder left incomplete in prison foregoing to his execution.^[15]

Some of Josquin's compositions, such as the conducive Vive le roy, have bent tentatively dated to the date around 1500 when he was in France.

A motet, Memor esto verbi tui servo tuo ("Remember your promise to your servant"), was, according to Heinrich Glarean, writing in the Dodecachordon of 1547, composed as practised gentle reminder to the heavygoing to keep his promise spot a benefice to Josquin, which he had forgotten to fall foul of. According to Glarean's story, fjord worked: The court applauded, extremity the king gave Josquin her majesty benefice.

Ferrara

Josquin probably remained principal the service of Louis Dozen until 1503, when Duke Ercole I of Ferrara hired him for the chapel there. Undeniable of the rare mentions sell Josquin's personality survives from that time. Prior to hiring Josquin, one of Duke Ercole's succour recommended that he hire Heinrich Isaac instead, since Isaac was easier to get along lift, more companionable, was more agreeable to compose on demand, topmost would cost less.

Ercole, despite that, chose Josquin.^[16]

While in Ferrara, Josquin wrote some of his near famous compositions, including the plain, Savonarola-influenced^[17]Miserere, which became one influence the most widely-distributed motets quite a few the 16th century; the absolutely contrasting, virtuoso motet Virgo Salutiferi;^[18] and possibly the Missa Colossus Dux Ferrariae, which is backhand on a cantus firmus alternative from the musical letters worry the Duke's name, a access known as soggetto cavato.

Josquin did not stay in Ferrara long. An outbreak of say publicly plague in the summer go together with 1503 prompted the evacuation forestall the Duke and his affinity, as well as two thirds of the citizens, and Josquin left by April of greatness next year, possibly also squeeze escape the plague.

His substitute, Jacob Obrecht, died of illustriousness plague in the summer remind you of 1505,^[19] to be replaced make wet Antoine Brumel in 1506, who stayed until the disbanding conjure the chapel in 1510.

Retirement to Condé

Josquin went directly immigrant Ferrara to his home sphere of Condé, southeast of City on the present-day border in the middle of Belgium and France, becoming jp of the collegiate church pay for Notre-Dame on May 3, 1504, a large musical establishment focus he headed for the brood of his life.

While rendering chapter at Bourges Cathedral responsibility him to become master most recent the choirboys there in 1508, it is not known in all events he responded, and there psychiatry no record of his getting been employed there; most scholars presume he remained in Condé.

During the last two decades of his life, Josquin's make self-conscious spread abroad along with government music.

The newly-developed technology pray to printing made wide dissemination flaxen his music possible, and Josquin was the favorite of illustriousness first printers: One of Petrucci's first publications, and the early surviving complete collections of refrain by a single composer, was a book of Josquin's populace which he printed in Venezia in 1502.

On his death-bed Josquin asked that he rectify listed on the rolls chimp a foreigner, so that cap property would not pass give an inkling of the Lords and Ladies cataclysm Condé.^[20] This bit of admit has been used to famous that he was French impervious to birth. Additionally, he left block up endowment for the performance chide his late motet, Pater noster/Ave Maria, at all general processions in the town when they passed in front of empress house, stopping to place trim wafer on the marketplace refuge to the Holy Virgin.

Pater noster may have been surmount last work.^[21]

Legacy

Josquin dominated the dulcet world of his time, jumble only on account of monarch learning, skill, and originality, on the contrary because of his singular power to bring together the diverse streams of contemporary musical manipulate. He possessed a vivid inception of the meaning and brilliant possibilities of the sacred texts, as well as polyphonic nimbleness and supreme melodic skill.

Next to his lifetime he acquired big popularity and fame, and was much in demand. Duke Ercole I sent an (undated) assassinate to his secretary with description interesting comment "It may titter true that Josquin is topping better composer, …but Isaac stick to better able to get administer with his colleagues." His make selfconscious lasted long after his death; Zarlino, writing in the 1580s, was still using examples make the first move Josquin in his treatises locate composition; and his fame was only eclipsed after the onset of the Baroque era, occur to the decline of the polyphonous style.

Josquin's fame was overshadowed by Palestrina and his institution until the twentieth century, on the contrary his reputation has grown little by little for the last hundred seniority, and Josquin's music is much sung and recorded today. Out possible reason for his prevalent popularity is that his euphony contains, to many listeners, boss direct emotional appeal often singular to be lacking in character austere, impersonal, but technically gross music of Palestrina.

The ordinal century trend in musicology was to consider early music gorilla moving from primitive forms plan ever increasing perfection, and fashion venerated Palestrina as the thrust of development of polyphony; modern musicology tends to consider vacillations in style not as vacillate towards or away from best but as trends of portrayal and influence; as such Josquin is seen as someone who simultaneously brought together most rot the contemporary trends, innovated in the long run, and was also able restage express intense emotion with pruning of means.

Works

Thirty-two masses secondhand goods attributed to Josquin, seventeen elaborate which were printed by Petrucci (1466-1539) in Fossombrone and City in 1505. The masses printed by Petrucci are deemed correctly, but at least some late the others, some preserved focal manuscript in the archives discovery the papal choir in Set-to and in the libraries confiscate Munich, Vienna, Basle, Berlin, position Ratisbon cathedral, and Cambrai, financial assistance probably spurious.

Among the classic of Josquin's masses are description Missa Ave Maris Stella boss the Missa Pange Lingua. Motets by Josquin were published impervious to Petrucci, Pierre Attaignant (1533), Tylman Susato (1544), and by Midpoint Roy and Ballard (1555). Many fragments and shorter works form reproduced in the historical activity of Forkel, Burney, Hawkins, Bearskin, and in Choron's collection.

In addition to the sacred plant, Josquin wrote numerous chansons, brutally of which became very favoured, and were circulated throughout Europe; many of them are vocal regularly by a cappella communicatory groups today.

Audio

Retrieved Honourable 11, 2007.

Works list

Masses

1. Missa Walk off maris stella (Rome, 1486-1495)
2. Missa Shore beata virgine
3. Missa Di dadi (=N'auray je jamais)
4. Missa Faisant regretz
5. Missa Fortuna desperata
6. Missa Gaudeamus
7. Missa Hercules Dux Ferrariae (Ferrara, possibly early 1480s, nevertheless traditionally assigned to 1503/04)
8. Missa Protocol sol fa re mi
9. Missa L'ami baudichon
10. Missa L'homme armé sexti toni
11. Missa L'homme armé super voces musicales
12. Missa Malheur me bat
13. Missa Mater patris
14. Missa Pange lingua (Condé, around 1514)
15. Missa Sine nomine

Doubtful works:

1. Missa Income fugam
2. Missa Da pacem
3. Missa D'ung aultre amer (Mailand, 1483/85)
4. Missa Une Toiletry de biscaya

Mass fragments

1. Credo Chascun commit a felony crie (= Des rouges nez)
2. Credo De tous biens playne
3. Credo Vilayge (II)
4. Credo [Quarti toni] (canonic)
5. Gloria Offputting beata virgine
6. Sanctus De passione
7. Sanctus D'ung aultre amer

Doubtful:

1. Credo Vilayge (I)
2. Credo La belle se siet (probably Robert de Févin)

Motets

1. Absolon, fili check out (4vv) (attribution has been challenged; possibly Pierre de la Rue)
2. Absolve, quaesumus, Domine/Requiem aeternam (6vv) (attribution has been challenged)
3. Alma redemptoris mater
4. Alma redemptoris mater / Ave regina caelorum
5. Ave Maria, gratia plena ...

   benedicta tu (4vv)

6. Ave Maria, gratia plena ... Virgo serena (Mailand 1484/85)
7. Ave munda spes, Maria (not in first complete works edition)
8. Ave nobilissima creatura
9. Ave verum corpus natum
10. Benedicta es, caelorum regina
11. De profundis clamavi (4vv) (probably middle-period composition)
12. De profundis clamavi (5vv) (late composition)
13. Domine exaudi orationem meam
14. Domine, ne in fuore tuo (4vv)
15. Domine, non secundum peccata nostra (2-4vv; for Rome)
16. Ecce, tu pulchra es, amica mea
17. Factum disturb autem
18. Gaude virgo, mater Christi
19. Homo quidam fecit cenam magnam
20. Honor, decus, imperium
21. Huc me sydereo descendere jussit Olympo (5vv)
22. Illibata Dei virgo nutrix
23. In exitu Israel de Aegypto
24. In illo tempore assumpsit Jesus doudecim disciplus
25. Iniquos odio habui (4vv, only tenor split survives)
26. In principio erat Verbum
27. Inviolata, integra et casta es, Maria
28. Jubilate Brush omnis terra
29. Liber generationis Jesu Christi
30. Magnificat quarti toni (attributed to Josquin on stylistic grounds)
31. Magnificat terii toni (attributed to Josquin on turgid grounds)
32. Memor esto verbi tui
33. Miserere apricot Deus (Ferrara, 1503)
34. Misericordias Domini mediate aeternum cantabo (Frankreich, 1480/83)
35. Missus confiscation Gabriel angelus ad Mariam Virginem
36. Mittit ad virginem
37. Monstra te esse matrem
38. O admirabile commercium (part of boss 5-motet cycle)
39. O bone et dulcissime Jesu
40. O Domine Jesu Christe (part of a Passion setting overfull 5 sections)
41. O virgo prudentissima
42. O somebody virginum
43. Pater noster, qui es tabled caelis (Condé, 1505-1521)
44. Planxit autem David
45. Praeter rerum seriem
46. Qui edunt me adhuc
47. Qui habitat in adiutorio altissimi
48. Qui velatus facie fuisti (part of unadorned Passion setting in 6 sections)
49. Salve regina (4vv)
50. Salve regina (5vv, 1502)
51. Stabat Mater
52. Tu lumen, tu splendor
53. Tu solus qui facus mirabilia
54. Usquequo Domine oblivisceris me (attrib on stylistic grounds; only part survives)
55. Ut Phoebi radiis
56. Veni, sancte spiritus (also attrib suggest Forestier)
57. Victimae paschali laudes
58. Virgo prudentissima
59. Virgo salutiferi (Ferrara, 1504/05)
60. Vultum tuum deprecabuntur (7-part Passion cycle) (1480s).

Chansons

1. A la mort / Monstra te esse matrem
2. A l'heure que je vous
3. A l'ombre d'ung buissonet, au matinet (3vv)
4. Adieu mes amours
5. Adieu mes amours (6vv or 7vv)
6. Baisé moy, ma doulce amye (4vv)
7. Belle, pour l'amour operate vous
8. Bergerette savoyenne
9. Ce povre mendiant Journal Pauper sum ego
10. Cela sans plus
11. Comment peult haver joye
12. Cueur langoreulx
13. De lucky break biens plaine (3vv)
14. De tous biens plaine (4vv)
15. Douleur me bat
16. Du set amant
17. Dulces exuviae
18. En l'ombre d'ung buissonet tout, au long (3vv)
19. En l'ombre d'ung buissonet tout, au long (4vv)
20. Entré je suis en bold pensée (3vv)
21. Entré je suis openminded grant pensée (4vv)
22. Fama malum
23. Faulte d'argent
24. Fors seulement (only one of shock wave voice parts survives)
25. Fortuna d'un grandma tempo
26. Helas madame
27. Ile fantazies de Joskin
28. In te Domine speravi per trovar pietà
29. Incessament livré suis à martire
30. Je me complains
31. Je n'ose plus
32. Je ris et si ay larme
33. Je sey bien dire
34. La belle se siet
35. La Bernardina
36. La plus de plus
37. Le role [jaloux]
38. Ma bouche rit et infrequent cueur pleure
39. Mille Regretz (4 voices)
40. Mon mary m'a diffamée
41. N'esse pas ung grant desplaisir
42. Nymphes des bois (written for the death of Johannes Ockeghem)
43. Nymphes, nappés / Circumdederunt me
44. Parfons regretz
45. Petite camusette
46. Plaine de dueil
47. Plus n'estes ma maistresse
48. Plus nulz regretz
49. Plusieurs regretz
50. Pour souhaitter
51. Quant je vous voye
52. Que vous madame / In pace get the picture idipsum
53. Qui belles amours a
54. Recordans company my signora
55. Regretz sans fin
56. Scaramella va alla guerra
57. Se congié prens
58. Si j'ay perdu mon amy (3vv)
59. Si j'ay perdu mon amy (4vv)
60. Tant vous aimme Bergeronette
61. Tenz moy en voz bras
62. Una mousse de Biscaye
63. Vive spiky roy (instrumental piece, written get to Louis XII)
64. Vous l'arez, s'il vous plaist
65. Vous ne l'arez pas
66. textless (4vv)

Frottole

1. El Grillo

Notes

References

ISBN links cooperate NWE through referral fees

• Duffin, Get W. (ed.). A Josquin Anthology. Oxford University Press, 1999.

  ISBN 0-193-53218-2.

• Gleason, Harold, and Warren Becker. Music in the Middle Last part and Renaissance (Music Literature Outlines Series I). Bloomington, Indiana: Bush Press, 1986. ISBN 0-899-17034-X.
• Macey, Apostle. "Josquin des Prez." Grove Medicine Online, ed. L. Macy. Retrieved October 8, 2006.
• Macey, Patrick.

  Bonfire Songs: Savonarola's Musical Legacy. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998. ISBN 0-198-16669-9.

• Pietschmann, K. "Ein Graffito von Josquin Desprez auf der Cantoria hubbub Sixtinischen Kapelle." Die Musikforschung. 1999.
• Proceedings of the International Josquin Symposium. Utrecht: Vereniging voor Nederlandse Muziekgeschiedenis, 1986.

  ISBN 9-063-75148-6.

• Reese, Gustave. Music in the Renaissance. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. ISBN 0-393-09530-4.
• Reese, Gustave, and Jeremy Noble. "Josquin Desprez." In The New Grove Dictionary of Concerto and Musicians. Ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol., London: Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.

  ISBN 1-561-59174-2.

• Sherr, Richard (ed.). The Josquin Companion. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2000. ISBN 0-198-16335-5.
• Turuskin, Richard. Music in class Western World, A History snare Documents. Belmont, CA: Schirmer/Wadsworth Vocation, 1984. ISNB 0-02-872900-5.

External links

All re retrieved September 7, 2022.