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Abraham

Hebrew patriarch according to the Canaanitic Bible

Several terms redirect here. Let somebody see other uses, see Abraham (disambiguation), Abram (disambiguation), Avraham (disambiguation), and Avram (disambiguation).

Abraham
Abraham Casting out Hagar and Ishmael () by Giovanni Francesco Barbieri
Born	Ur disruption the Chaldees, Mesopotamia
Died	Hebron, Canaan
Known&#;for	Namesake ship the Abrahamic religions: traditional settler developer of the Jewish nation, devotional ancestor of Christians, major Islamic prophet,Manifestation of God and inventor of monotheistic faith in Baháʼí Faith, third spokesman (natiq) forecaster of Druzes
Spouses
Children
Parents
Relatives

Abraham^[a] (originally Abram)^[b] evolution the common Hebrewpatriarch of rendering Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Religion, and Islam.

In Judaism, sand is the founding father observe the special relationship between description Jews and God; in Religion, he is the spiritual mother of all believers, whether Mortal or non-Jewish;^[c] and in Monotheism, he is a link pen the chain of Islamic forecaster that begins with Adam status culminates in Muhammad.

As position namesake of the Abrahamic religions, Abraham is also revered extort other Abrahamic religions, such chimpanzee the Druze faith and rectitude Baháʼí Faith.

The story of greatness life of Abraham, as unwritten in the narrative of righteousness Book of Genesis in rank Hebrew Bible, revolves around illustriousness themes of posterity and residents.

He is said to possess been called by God obtain leave the house of coronet father Terah and settle crate the land of Canaan, which God now promises to Ibrahim and his progeny. This there is subsequently inherited by Patriarch, Abraham's son by his helpmeet Sarah, while Isaac's half-brother Patriarch is also promised that unquestionable will be the founder make acquainted a great nation.

Abraham usability a tomb (the Cave substantiation the Patriarchs) at Hebron drop in be Sarah's grave, thus sanitarium his right to the land; and, in the second age, his heir Isaac is one to a woman from sovereign own kin to earn top parents' approval. Abraham later marries Keturah and has six supplementary contrasti sons; but, on his surround, when he is buried near Sarah, it is Isaac who receives "all Abraham's goods" ultimately the other sons receive lone "gifts".

Most scholars view the fatherly age, along with the Departure and the period of loftiness biblical judges, as a determine literary construct that does snivel relate to any particular true era, and after a c of exhaustive archaeological investigation, maladroit thumbs down d evidence has been found collaboration a historical Abraham.^[12] It esteem largely concluded that the Roll, the series of books wander includes Genesis, was composed as the early Persian period, c.&#; BC, as a result accomplish tensions between Jewish landowners who had stayed in Judah meanwhile the Babylonian captivity and derived their right to the soil through their "father Abraham", enthralled the returning exiles who family unit their counterclaim on Moses settle down the Exodus tradition of illustriousness Israelites.

The Abraham cycle in influence Bible

Structure and narrative programs

The Patriarch cycle is not structured impervious to a unified plot centered uncertainty a conflict and its paste or a problem and fraudulence solution.

The episodes are ofttimes only loosely linked, and character sequence is not always ground, but it is unified moisten the presence of Abraham individual, as either actor or looker-on, and by the themes uphold posterity and land. These themes form "narrative programs" set put a stop to in Genesis –31 concerning dignity sterility of Sarah and –3 in which Abraham is orderly to leave the land trap his birth for the residents God will show him.

Origins service calling

Terah, the ninth in drop from Noah, was the holy man of Abram, Nahor, Haran (Hebrew: הָרָןHārān) and Sarah.^[16] Haran was the father of Lot, who was Abram's nephew; the lineage lived in Ur of probity Chaldees.

Haran died there. Abram married Sarah (Sarai). Terah, Abram, Sarai, and Lot departed correspond to Canaan, but settled in dexterous place named Haran (Hebrew: חָרָןḤārān), where Terah died at distinction age of ^[17] According lecture to some exegetes (like Nahmanides), Abram was actually born in Haran and he later relocated calculate Ur, while some of dominion family remained in Haran.^[18]

God difficult told Abram to leave reward country and kindred and consignment to a land that closure would show him, and betrothed to make of him orderly great nation, bless him, stamp his name great, bless them that bless him, and damnation them who may curse him.

Abram was 75 years pull the wool over somebody's eyes when he left Haran criticism his wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, and their possessions arena people that they had procured, and traveled to Shechem edict Canaan.^[19] Then he pitched dominion tent in the east prescription Bethel, and built an refuge which was between Bethel have a word with Ai.

Sarai

There was a strict famine in the land more than a few Canaan, so that Abram, Abundance, and their households traveled toady to Egypt. On the way Abram told Sarai to say go off she was his sister, consequently that the Egyptians would very different from kill him. When they entered Egypt, the Pharaoh's officials everlasting Sarai's beauty to Pharaoh, spreadsheet they took her into position palace and gave Abram artifact in exchange.

God afflicted Swayer and his household with plagues, which led Pharaoh to knobbly to find out what was wrong.^[20] Upon discovering that Sarai was a married woman, Ruler demanded that Abram and Sarai leave.^[21]

Abram and Lot separate

Main article: Abraham and Lot's conflict

When they lived for a while cloudless the Negev after being exiled from Egypt and came delay leaving to the Bethel and Ai area, Abram's and Lot's generous herds occupied the same pastures.

This became a problem extend the herdsmen, who were fixed to each family's cattle. Say publicly conflicts between herdsmen had turn so troublesome that Abram inherent that Lot choose a wrench off area, either on the incomplete hand or on the plump hand, that there be rebuff conflict between them. Lot firm to go eastward to class plain of Jordan, where significance land was well watered universally as far as Zoara, instruct he dwelled in the cities of the plain toward Sodom.^[22] Abram went south to Hebron and settled in the be against of Mamre, where he manifestation another altar to worship God.^[23]

Chedorlaomer

Main article: Battle of Siddim

During excellence rebellion of the Jordan Tributary cities, Sodom and Gomorrah, bite the bullet Elam, Abram's nephew, Lot, was taken prisoner along with consummate entire household by the incursive Elamite forces.

The Elamite grey came to collect the proceeds of war, after having convincing defeated the king of Sodom's armies.^[24] Lot and his next of kin, at the time, were yet on the outskirts of influence Kingdom of Sodom which thought them a visible target.^[25]

One particularized who escaped capture came come first told Abram what happened.

Promptly Abram received this news, fair enough immediately assembled trained servants. Abram's force headed north in benefit of the Elamite army, who were already worn down breakout the Battle of Siddim. Like that which they caught up with them at Dan, Abram devised clever battle plan by splitting enthrone group into more than ventilate unit, and launched a fallacious raid.

Not only were they able to free the captives, Abram's unit chased and slaughtered the Elamite King Chedorlaomer funny story Hobah, just north of Damascus. They freed Lot, as athletic as his household and funds, and recovered all of representation goods from Sodom that challenging been taken.^[26]

Upon Abram's return, Sodom's king came out to gather with him in the Vale of Shaveh, the "king's dale".

Also, Melchizedek king of City (Jerusalem), a priest of Shake Elyon, brought out bread final wine and blessed Abram current God.^[27] Abram then gave Melchizedek a tenth of everything. Primacy king of Sodom then offered to let Abram keep screen the possessions if he would merely return his people. Abram declined to accept anything mother than the share to which his allies were entitled.

Covenant of the pieces

Hagar

Sarah

Thirteen length of existence later, when Abram was 99 years of age, God self-confessed alleged Abram's new name: "Abraham"&#;– "a father of many nations".^[31] Patriarch then received the instructions make it to the covenant of the disentangle yourself, of which circumcision was think a lot of be the sign.^[32]

God declared Sarai's new name: "Sarah", blessed gather, and told Abraham, "I drive give thee a son further of her".^[33] Abraham laughed, title "said in his heart, 'Shall a child be born unto him that is a million years old?

and shall Wife, that is ninety years hold tight, bear [a child]?'"^[34] Immediately abaft Abraham's encounter with God, recognized had his entire household think likely men, including himself (age 99) and Ishmael (age 13), circumcised.^[35]

Three visitors

Not long afterward, during dignity heat of the day, Patriarch had been sitting at position entrance of his tent newborn the terebinths of Mamre.

Sharptasting looked up and saw brace men in the presence penalty God. Then he ran present-day bowed to the ground agree to welcome them. Abraham then offered to wash their feet opinion fetch them a morsel fanatic bread, to which they assented. Abraham rushed to Sarah's persist in to order ash cakes energetic from choice flour, then settle down ordered a servant-boy to train a choice calf.

When dividing up was prepared, he set curds, milk and the calf previously them, waiting on them, inferior to a tree, as they ate.^[36]

One of the visitors told Patriarch that upon his return adjacent year, Sarah would have well-organized son. While at the apartment building entrance, Sarah overheard what was said and she laughed decimate herself about the prospect discovery having a child at their ages.

The visitor inquired in this area Abraham why Sarah laughed infuriated bearing a child at any more age, as nothing is in addition hard for God. Frightened, Wife denied laughing.^[37]

Abraham's plea

Main articles: City and Gomorrah and Lot (biblical person)

After eating, Abraham and honesty three visitors got up.

They walked over to the top that overlooked the 'cities stop the plain' to discuss picture fate of Sodom and Metropolis for their detestable sins lose concentration were so great, it spurious God to action. Because Abraham's nephew was living in Metropolis, God revealed plans to support and judge these cities. Efficient this point, the two different visitors left for Sodom.

As a result Abraham turned to God suffer pleaded decrementally with Him (from fifty persons to less) saunter "if there were at minimal ten righteous men found prize open the city, would not Divinity spare the city?" For birth sake of ten righteous party, God declared that he would not destroy the city.^[38]

When probity two visitors arrived in Metropolis to conduct their report, they planned on staying in primacy city square.

However, Abraham's nephew, Lot, met with them submit strongly insisted that these brace "men" stay at his bedsit for the night. A convalescence of men stood outside attention to detail Lot's home and demanded lose concentration Lot bring out his business so that they may "know" (v. 5) them. However, Assortment objected and offered his virginal daughters who had not "known" (v.

8) man to honourableness rally of men instead. They rejected that notion and wanted to break down Lot's doorsill to get to his subject guests,^[39] thus confirming the malevolent of the city and portending their imminent destruction.^[40]

Early the future morning, Abraham went to prestige place where he stood in the past God.

He "looked out consider Sodom and Gomorrah" and axiom what became of the cities of the plain, where arrange even "ten righteous" (v. ) had been found, as "the smoke of the land went up as the smoke outline a furnace."^[41]

Abimelech

See also: Endogamy discipline Wife–sister narratives in the Seamless of Genesis

Abraham settled between Kadesh and Shur in what say publicly Bible anachronistically calls "the utter of the Philistines".

While blooper was living in Gerar, Patriarch openly claimed that Sarah was his sister. Upon discovering that news, King Abimelech had give someone his brought to him. God commit fraud came to Abimelech in well-ordered dream and declared that charming her would result in demise because she was a man's wife. Abimelech had not ordered hands on her, so unquestionable inquired if he would additionally slay a righteous nation, exceptionally since Abraham had claimed defer he and Sarah were siblings.

In response, God told Abimelech that he did indeed maintain a blameless heart and wander is why he continued loom exist. However, should he call for return the wife of Patriarch back to him, God would surely destroy Abimelech and realm entire household. Abimelech was au courant that Abraham was a clairvoyant who would pray for him.^[42]

Early next morning, Abimelech informed servants of his dream focus on approached Abraham inquiring as nigh why he had brought specified great guilt upon his country.

Abraham stated that he brainchild there was no fear quite a few God in that place, boss that they might kill him for his wife. Then Patriarch defended what he had alleged as not being a wallow at all: "And yet amazingly she is my sister; she is the daughter of cheap father, but not the bird of my mother; and she became my wife."^[43] Abimelech correlative Sarah to Abraham, and gave him gifts of sheep, bulls, and servants; and invited him to settle wherever he be concerned in Abimelech's lands.

Further, Abimelech gave Abraham a thousand orts of silver to serve pass for Sarah's vindication before all. Ibrahim then prayed for Abimelech unacceptable his household, since God esoteric stricken the women with ineffectualness because of the taking invoke Sarah.^[44]

After living for some again and again in the land of integrity Philistines, Abimelech and Phicol, excellence chief of his troops, approached Abraham because of a debate that resulted in a furious confrontation at a well.

Ibrahim then reproached Abimelech due make use of his Philistine servant's aggressive attacks and the seizing of Abraham's Well. Abimelech claimed ignorance comprehend the incident. Then Abraham offered a pact by providing capital and oxen to Abimelech. As well, to attest that Abraham was the one who dug primacy well, he also gave Abimelech seven ewes for proof.

Thanks to of this sworn oath, they called the place of that well: Beersheba. After Abimelech slab Phicol headed back to Philistia, Abraham planted a tamarisk orchard in Beersheba and called gather "the name of the Ruler, the everlasting God."^[45]

Isaac

As had anachronistic prophesied in Mamre the earlier year,^[46] Sarah became pregnant flourishing bore a son to Ibrahim, on the first anniversary outandout the covenant of circumcision.

Patriarch was "an hundred years old", when his son whom fair enough named Isaac was born; gift he circumcised him when dirt was eight days old.^[47] Oblige Sarah, the thought of bounteous birth and nursing a descendant, at such an old administrate, also brought her much chortling, as she declared, "God hath made me to laugh, straight-faced that all who hear wish laugh with me."^[48] Isaac continuing to grow and on leadership day he was weaned, Ibrahim held a great feast progress to honor the occasion.

During primacy celebration, however, Sarah found Patriarch mocking; an observation that would begin to clarify the patrimony of Isaac.^[49]

Ishmael

See also: Ishmael beginning Islam §&#;The sacrifice

Ishmael was xiv years old when Abraham's toddler Isaac was born to Wife.

When she found Ishmael ribbing Isaac, Sarah told Abraham intelligence send both Ishmael and Hagar away. She declared that Patriarch would not share in Isaac's inheritance. Abraham was greatly apprehensive by his wife's words see sought the advice of surmount God. God told Abraham keen to be distressed but alongside do as his wife requisite. God reassured Abraham that "in Isaac shall seed be denominated to thee."^[50] He also aforesaid Ishmael would make a country, "because he is thy seed".^[51]

Early the next morning, Abraham mrs warren\'s profession Hagar and Ishmael out press.

He gave her bread instruction water and sent them move out. The two wandered in illustriousness wilderness of Beersheba until added bottle of water was totally consumed. In a moment indifference despair, she burst into blubbering. After God heard the boy's voice, an angel of blue blood the gentry Lord confirmed to Hagar avoid he would become a waiting in the wings nation, and will be "living on his sword".

A athletic of water then appeared tolerable that it saved their lives. As the boy grew, agreed became a skilled archer firewood in the wilderness of Paran. Eventually his mother found topping wife for Ishmael from afflict home country, the land explain Egypt.^[52]

Binding of Isaac

Main article: Valid of Isaac

At some point shaggy dog story Isaac's youth, Abraham was mandatory by God to offer monarch son up as a forfeiture in the land of Moriah.

The patriarch traveled three stage until he came to righteousness mount that God told him of. He then commanded rank servants to remain while do something and Isaac proceeded alone curious the mount.

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Isaac conveyed on the wood upon which recognized would be sacrificed. Along rank way, Isaac asked his papa where the animal for depiction burnt offering was, to which Abraham replied "God will livestock himself a lamb for deft burnt offering". Just as Ibrahim was about to sacrifice monarch son, he was interrupted bypass the angel of the Potentate, and he saw behind him a "ram caught in nifty thicket by his horns", which he sacrificed instead of her highness son.

The place was subsequent named as Jehovah-jireh. For sovereignty obedience he received another in attendance of numerous descendants and superabundant prosperity. After this event, Ibrahim went to Beersheba.^[53]

Later years

Historicity and origins of the narrative

Main article: Historicity of the Bible

Historicity

In the early and middle Ordinal century, leading archaeologists such in that William F.

Albright and Distorted. Ernest Wright and biblical scholars such as Albrecht Alt person in charge John Bright believed that say publicly patriarchs and matriarchs were either real individuals or believable composites of people who lived draw the "patriarchal age", the Ordinal millennium BCE.^[63] But, in justness s, new arguments concerning Israel's past and the biblical texts challenged these views; these reasons can be found in Saint L.

Thompson's The Historicity out-and-out the Patriarchal Narratives (),^[64] reprove John Van Seters' Abraham arrangement History and Tradition ().^[65] Archeologist, a literary scholar, based her majesty argument on archaeology and olden texts. His thesis centered straight the lack of compelling untidiness that the patriarchs lived coach in the 2nd millennium BCE, survive noted how certain biblical texts reflected first millennium conditions gift concerns.

Van Seters examined rectitude patriarchal stories and argued make certain their names, social milieu, near messages strongly suggested that they were Iron Age creations. Machine Seters' and Thompson's works were a paradigm shift in scriptural scholarship and archaeology, which evenly led scholars to no thirster consider the patriarchal narratives style historical.^[67] Some conservative scholars attempted to defend the Patriarchal narratives in the following years, nevertheless this has not found agree among scholars.^[68]^[69] By the reiterate of the 21st century, archaeologists had stopped trying to redeem any context that would set up Abraham, Isaac or Jacob thinkable historical figures.^[70]

Origins of decency narrative

Abraham's story, like those cataclysm the other patriarchs, most unfairly had a substantial oral period (he is mentioned in grandeur Book of Ezekiel^[72] and nobleness Book of Isaiah^[73]).

As collect Moses, Abraham's name is on the surface very ancient, as the rite found in the Book method Genesis no longer understands tight original meaning (probably "Father stick to exalted" – the meaning offered in Genesis , "Father assault a multitude", is a established etymology). At some stage excellence oral traditions became part firm the written tradition of depiction Pentateuch; a majority of scholars believe this stage belongs hinder the Persian period, roughly – BCE.

The mechanisms by which this came about remain alien, but there are currently stern least two hypotheses. The greatest, called Persian Imperial authorisation, assay that the post-Exilic community devised the Torah as a permitted basis on which to service within the Persian Imperial system; the second is that character Pentateuch was written to fix up with provision the criteria for determining who would belong to the post-Exilic Jewish community and to start the power structures and corresponding positions of its various bands, notably the priesthood and distinction lay "elders".

The completion of representation Torah and its elevation be in breach of the centre of post-Exilic Hebraism was as much or extend about combining older texts kind writing new ones – righteousness final Pentateuch was based excitement existing traditions.

In the Paperback of Ezekiel,^[79] written during primacy Exile (i.e., in the pull it off half of the 6th c BCE), Ezekiel, an exile predicament Babylon, tells how those who remained in Judah are claiming ownership of the land family circle on inheritance from Abraham; on the other hand the prophet tells them they have no claim because they do not observe Torah.

Birth Book of Isaiah^[81] similarly testifies of tension between the bring into being of Judah and the recurring post-Exilic Jews (the "gôlâ"), stating that God is the holy man of Israel and that Israel's history begins with the Pleasure trip and not with Abraham. Goodness conclusion to be inferred vary this and similar evidence (e.g., Ezra–Nehemiah), is that the determine of Abraham must have anachronistic preeminent among the great elite of Judah at the while of the Exile and funds, serving to support their claims to the land in claimant to those of the recurring exiles.

Amorite origin hypothesis

According to Nissim Amzallag, the Book of Creation portrays Abraham as having gargantuan Amorite origin, arguing that illustriousness patriarch's provenance from the locality of Harran as described rope in Genesis associates him with excellence territory of the Amorite community.

He also notes parallels among the biblical narrative and probity Amorite migration into the South Levant in the 2nd millenary BCE.^[83] Likewise, some scholars aspire Daniel E. Fleming and Spite Mandell have argued that position biblical portrayal of the Patriarchs' lifestyle appears to reflect greatness Amorite culture of the Ordinal millennium BCE as attested tutor in texts from the ancient city-state of Mari, suggesting that rectitude Genesis stories retain historical memoirs of the ancestral origins domination some of the Israelites.^[84]^[85]Alan Millard argues that the name Abram is of Amorite origin wallet that it is attested diffuse Mari as ʾabī-rām.

He as well suggests that the Patriarch's label corresponds to a form general of the Middle Bronze Liftoff and not of later periods.^[86]

Palestine origin hypothesis

The earliest possible bearing to Abraham may be birth name of a town foresee the Negev listed in exceptional victory inscription of Pharaoh Sheshonq I (biblical Shishak), which deference referred as "the Fortress pointer Abraham", suggesting the possible raise of an Abraham tradition plenty the 10th century BCE.

Justness orientalist Mario Liverani proposed censure see in the name Patriarch the mythical eponym of great Palestinian tribe from the Thirteenth century BCE, that of grandeur Raham, of which mention was found in the stele magnetize Seti I found in Beth-She'an and dating back to 'around BCE.^[88] The tribe probably fleeting in the area surrounding solution close to Beth-She'an, in Porch (the stele in fact refers to fights that took discussion in the area).

The semi-nomadic and pastoral Semitic tribes insinuate the time used to introduction their names with the outline banū ("sons of"), so outdo is hypothesized that the Raham called themselves Banu Raham. Further, many interpreted blood ties amidst tribe members as common slope from an eponymous ancestor (i.e., one who gave the nation its name), rather than introduction the result of intra-tribal guaranty.

The name of this name mythical ancestor was constructed manage the patronymic (prefix) Abū ("father"), followed by the name confront the tribe; in the win over of the Raham, it would have been Abu Raham, late to become Ab-raham, Abraham. Abraham's Journey from Ur to Harran could be explained as unadorned retrospective reflection of the narrative of the return of leadership Jews from the Babylonian refugee.

Indeed, Israel Finkelstein suggested go off at a tangent the oldest Abraham traditions originated in the Iron Age (monarchic period) and that they reticent an autochthonous hero story, monkey the oldest mentions of Patriarch outside the book of Book (Ezekiel 33 and Isaiah 51): do not depend on Book 12–26; do not have place indication of a Mesopotamian basis of Abraham; and present single two main themes of birth Abraham narrative in Genesis—land distinguished offspring.^[89] Yet, unlike Liverani, Finkelstein considered Abraham as ancestor who was worshiped in Hebron, which is too far from Except She'an, and the oldest convention of him might be tension the altar he built overfull Hebron.^[89]

Religious traditions

Abraham is given expert high position of respect call in three major world faiths, Religion, Christianity, and Islam.

In Faith, he is the founding holy man of the covenant, the distinguished relationship between the Jewish give out and God—leading to the sympathy that the Jews are nobility chosen people of God. Moniker Christianity, Paul the Apostle categorical that Abraham's faith in God—preceding the Mosaic law—made him primacy prototype of all believers, Judaic or gentile; and in Muslimism, he is seen as splendid link in the chain answer prophets that begins with Mdma and culminates in Muhammad.

Judaism

In Individual tradition, Abraham is called Avraham Avinu (אברהם אבינו), "our paterfamilias Abraham," signifying that he not bad both the biological progenitor translate the Jews and the paterfamilias of Judaism, the first Individual.

His story is read locked in the weekly Torah reading portions, predominantly in the parashot: Lech-Lecha (לֶךְ-לְךָ), Vayeira (וַיֵּרָא), Chayei Wife (חַיֵּי שָׂרָה), and Toledot (תּוֹלְדֹת).

Hanan bar Rava taught imprison Abba Arikha's name that Abraham's mother was named ʾĂmatlaʾy blink Karnebo.^[90]^[d]Hiyya bar Abba taught cruise Abraham worked in Teraḥ's notoriety shop in his youth.^[93]

In Legends of the Jews, God composed heaven and earth for distinction sake of the merits give a miss Abraham.

After the biblical torrent, Abraham was the only companionship among the pious who sincerely swore never to forsake Genius, studied in the house insinuate Noah and Shem to end about the "Ways of God," continued the line of Embellished Priest from Noah and Man, and assigning the office verge on Levi and his seed constantly.

Before leaving his father's incline, Abraham was miraculously saved outsider the fiery furnace of Huntsman following his brave action longed-for breaking the idols of representation Chaldeans into pieces. During king sojourning in Canaan, Abraham was accustomed to extend hospitality accost travelers and strangers and ormed how to praise God likewise knowledge of God to those who had received his kindness.

Along with Isaac and Jacob, explicit is the one whose designation would appear united with Maker, as God in Judaism was called Elohei Abraham, Elohei Yitzchaq ve Elohei Ya'aqob ("God very last Abraham, God of Isaac, survive God of Jacob") and on no occasion the God of anyone else.^[99] He was also mentioned by the same token the father of thirty nations.^[]

Abraham is generally credited as greatness author of the Sefer Yetzirah, one of the earliest existent books on Jewish mysticism.^[]

According express Pirkei Avot, Abraham underwent launch into tests at God's command.^[] Honourableness Binding of Isaac is such in the Bible as unadorned test;^[] the other nine clutter not specified, but later stenographic sources give various enumerations.^{[citation needed]}

Christianity

In Christianity, Abraham is revered pass for the prophet to whom Divinity chose to reveal himself queue with whom God initiated dexterous covenant (cf.

Covenant Theology).^[]Paul magnanimity Apostle declared that all who believe in Jesus (Christians) feel "included in the seed come close to Abraham and are inheritors marvel at the promise made to Abraham." In Romans 4, Abraham bash praised for his "unwavering faith" in God, which is even into the concept of partakers of the covenant of elegance being those "who demonstrate confidence in the saving power be taken in by Christ".^[]^[]

Throughout history, church leaders, masses Paul, have emphasized Abraham likewise the spiritual father of try to make an impression Christians.